- Review Article
- Neurology
- Recent trends of healthcare information and communication technologies in pediatrics: a systematic review
- Se young Jung, Keehyuck Lee, Hee Hwang
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(6):291-299. Published online December 15, 2021
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· The innovation of healthcare information communication technology (ICT) was accelerated with the adoption of electronic health records (EHRs).
· Telemedicine currently has no technical barriers.
· EHRs and personal health records are being connected, and mobile/wearable technologies are being integrated into them.
· Conventional rule-based clinical decision support systems have already been implemented and used in EHRs and PHRs. Artificial intelligence/machine learning improves precision and accuracy.
- Endocrinology
- Pediatric hypertension based on Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines (JSH 2019) with actual school blood pressure screening data in Japan
- Toru Kikuchi
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(6):283-290. Published online November 26, 2021
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The prevalence of Japanese pediatric hypertension is 0.9% based on proper measurement protocols. Hypertensive children tend to be hypertensive adults. Pediatric essential hypertension is characterized by an absence of symptoms, obesity, a family history of hypertension, and a low birth weight. The most common causes of pediatric secondary hypertension are renal parenchymal and renovascular diseases. Important factors controlling pediatric hypertension include healthy lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy.
- Neurology
- Big data analysis and artificial intelligence in epilepsy – common data model analysis and machine learning-based seizure detection and forecasting
- Yoon Gi Chung, Yonghoon Jeon, Sooyoung Yoo, Hunmin Kim, Hee Hwang
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(6):272-282. Published online November 26, 2021
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· Big data analysis, such as common data model and artificial intelligence, can solve relevant questions and improve clinical care.
· Recent deep learning studies achieved 0.887–0.996 areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for automated interictal epileptiform discharge detection.
· Recent deep learning studies achieved 62.3%–99.0% accuracy for interictal-ictal classification in seizure detection and 75.0%– 87.8% sensitivity with a 0.06–0.21/hr false positive rate in seizure forecasting.
- Letter to the Editor
- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Telemedicine as progressive treatment approach for neonatal jaundice due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic
- Sukanya Sudhir Joshi, Bithiah Roy Benroy, Isabell Nelson Lawrence, Thanuja Jayasri Suresh
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(5):269-271. Published online February 7, 2022
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Question: How can the management of neonatal jaundice (NJ) be enhanced through telemedicine?
Finding: Teleconsultations, drive-through testing, and the use of an application to assess neonatal jaundice at home are being successfully used, but they must be further researched before being implemented on a larger scale.
Meaning: Recent technology allows for the treatment of NJ at home with an application that helps reduce hospital burden.
- Original Article
- Other
- Risk factors and screening timing for developmental dysplasia of the hip in preterm infants
- Ga Won Jeon, Hye Jung Choo, Yong Uk Kwon
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(5):262-268. Published online November 5, 2021
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Question: When is the best screening timing and what is the risk factor for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in preterm infants?
Finding: Ultrasonography performed earlier than 38 weeks of postmenstrual age caused unnecessary subsequent ultrasonography. DDH did not occur predominantly on the left side or in breech infants.
Meaning: The screening timing, etiology, and risk factors for DDH in preterm infants are somewhat different from those in term infants.
- General Pediatrics
- Effect of 2–6 weeks of systemic steroids on bone mineral density in children
- Athira Kuniyil, Somdipa Pal, Namrita Sachdev, Tribhuvan Pal Yadav
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(5):254-261. Published online November 18, 2021
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Question: Does steroid use for 2–6 weeks in children affect bone mineral content (BMC) or density (BMD)?
Finding: Steroid use for 2–6 weeks significantly decreased BMC and BMD of the whole body, total body less the head, lumbar spine, and distal radius. A significant negative correlation was observed among BMD, duration, and cumulative dose.
Meaning: Steroid use for 2–6 weeks in children negatively affected BMC and BMD.
- Editorial
- Endocrinology
- Is type 1 diabetes related to coronavirus disease 2019 in children?
- Minsun Kim
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(5):252-253. Published online March 29, 2022
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· Evidence shows that patients with type 1 diabetes have been severely affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in various ways.
· Although there is no reliable evidence that COVID-19 worsens or induces diabetes, it can impair β-cell insulin secretion and glucose control by inducing inflammation and cytokine production.
· A study is needed of the short- and long-term relationship between diabetes and COVID-19 in the Korean pediatric population.
- Infection
- Effects of nonpharmaceutical interventions for coronavirus disease 2019
- Jae Hong Choi
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(5):250-251. Published online March 22, 2022
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∙ Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have decreased the incidence of various infectious diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
∙ During the 2-year COVID-19 pandemic, NPIs changed patients’ daily lives, and the impact on mental health was notable.
∙ The effects of NPIs were evaluated in detail, considering both infections and mental health.
- Review Article
- Other
- Knowledge-guided artificial intelligence technologies for decoding complex multiomics interactions in cells
- Dohoon Lee, Sun Kim
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(5):239-249. Published online November 26, 2021
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· The need for data-driven modeling of multiomics interactions was recently highlighted.
· Many artificial intelligence-driven models have been developed, but only a few have incorporated biological domain knowledge within model architectures or training procedures.
· Here we provide a comprehensive review of deep learning models to decipher complex multiomics interactions regarding the biological guidance imposed upon them to facilitate further development of biological knowledge-guided deep learning models.
- Cardiology
- Implication of microRNA as a potential biomarker of myocarditis
- Jin-Hee Oh, Gi Beom Kim, Heeyoung Seok
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(5):230-238. Published online March 2, 2022
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· Myocarditis was recently examined quantitatively as inflammation of the heart muscle based on endomyocardial biopsy, and its noninvasive diagnosis remains unsatisfactory.
· Additionally, numerous miRNAs (miR-155, miR-146b, miR-590, miR-221, miR-222, etc.) coupled with inflammation or viral activation have been examined in myocarditis patients or mouse models.
· The recent identification of mmu-miR-721 (has-miR-Chr8: 96), a myocarditis-specific microRNA, demonstrated its potential as an acute myocarditis biomarker.
- Neurobehavior
- Psychological aspects in children and parents of children with chronic kidney disease and their families
- Alemsungla Aier, Priya Pais, Vijaya Raman
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(5):222-229. Published online November 10, 2021
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· Childhood chronic kidney disease (CKD) is complex and requires lifetime medical treatment.
· Children with CKD are at risk for emotional, behavioral, social, and academic difficulties that significantly affect their quality of life.
· Caring for children with CKD is stressful for families.
· These unique challenges are crucial and can negatively impact treatment outcomes.
· Awareness of and addressing these evolving psychosocial issues can foster their developing needs.
- Infection
- Four months of rifampicin monotherapy for latent tuberculosis infection in children
- Chi Eun Oh, Dick Menzies
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(5):214-221. Published online October 29, 2021
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· Recently, the importance of a short-term treatment regimen including rifamycin has been highlighted in the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI).
· Four prospective or retrospective studies in children consistently reported that a 4-month daily rifampicin regimen (4R) had a higher completion rate than and comparable safety to a nine-month daily isoniazid regimen.
· We suggest rifampicin 20–30 mg/kg/day for children aged 0–2 years and 15–20 mg/kg/day for children aged 2–10 years in 4R to treat LTBI.
- Letter to the Editor
- Other
- Changes in air pollution and childhood respiratory viral infections in Korea post-COVID-19 outbreak
- Hyung Kyu Park, Jung Yeon Shim
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(4):211-213. Published online February 17, 2022
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- Clinical note
- General Pediatrics
- Diabetic ketoacidosis in children induced by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diabetic ketoacidosis post-COVID-19 in children
- Neha Thakur, Narendra Rai
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(4):209-210. Published online November 30, 2021
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- Original Article
- General Pediatrics
- Early initiation of breastfeeding and factors associated with its delay among mothers at discharge from a single hospital
- J. Jenifer Florence Mary, R. Sindhuri, A. Arul Kumaran, Amol R. Dongre
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(4):201-208. Published online October 18, 2021
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Background: According to the National Family Health Survey– 4, in India, 78.9% of deliveries occur in institutions, although only 42.6% of new mothers initiate breastfeeding within 1 hour of delivery.
Purpose: To estimate the proportion of early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) among new mothers at discharge from a tertiary care hospital and identify the determinants of delayed initiation of breastfeeding among...
- Emergency Medicine
- Nonfatal injuries in Korean children and adolescents, 2007–2018
- Gyu Min Yeon, Yoo Rha Hong, Seom Gim Kong
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(4):194-200. Published online September 9, 2021
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Question: How many children and adolescents have experienced nonfatal injuries in the previous year?
Finding: Among Korean children and adolescents, 8.1% experienced at least one injury per year. We found no significant change in the incidence of injuries over the previous 12 years.
Meaning: The incidence of injuries is higher than this estimation; therefore, more attention and effort are needed to prevent injuries among children and adolescents.
- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Comparison of minimally invasive surfactant therapy with intubation surfactant administration and extubation for treating preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized clinical trial
- Mohammad Kazem Sabzehei, Behnaz Basiri, Maryam Shokouhi, Sajad Ghahremani, Ali Moradi
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(4):188-193. Published online July 28, 2021
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Question: Are the short-term outcomes of minimally invasive surfactant therapy (MIST) relatively superior to those of INtubation, SURfactant administration, and Extubation (INSURE) in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)?
Finding: MIST could be an appropriate substitution for INSURE in preterm infants with RDS since it reduced hospitalization time and number of side effects.
Meaning: MIST is recommended for surfactant administration for its proven advantages over the INSURE technique.
- Review Article
- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Pathophysiology, classification, and complications of common asymptomatic thrombocytosis in newborn infants
- Ga Won Jeon
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(4):182-187. Published online October 18, 2021
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· Thrombocytosis, common in newborns and infants (<2 years) (3%–13%), is caused by elevated thrombopoietin (TPO) concentrations.
· Serum TPO levels are significantly higher immediately to 1 month postnatal and decrease with age.
· Platelet counts are positively correlated with gestational age at birth and postnatal age.
· Thrombocytosis is more common in preterm than in term infants.
· Thrombocytosis in newborns is reactive and resolves spontaneously without complications.
- Endocrinology
- Genetic factors in precocious puberty
- Young Suk Shim, Hae Sang Lee, Jin Soon Hwang
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(4):172-181. Published online October 18, 2021
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· Mutations in the kisspeptin (KISS1), kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R), makorin ring finger protein 3 (MKRN3), and delta-like homolog 1 (DLK1) genes are associated with idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP).
· A few genes related to pubertal onset have been implicated in ICPP.
· Epigenetic factors such as DNA methylation, histone posttranslational modifications, and noncoding ribonucleic acids may be related to ICPP
- Infection
- Epidemiological changes in infectious diseases during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Korea: a systematic review
- Jong Gyun Ahn
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(4):167-171. Published online November 30, 2021
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· Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have had a major impact on the epidemiology of various infectious diseases in Korea.
· Respiratory diseases and gastrointestinal viral diseases were significantly reduced during the NPI period.
· The decrease in Kawasaki disease after the introduction of NPI is an unintended result.
· Infectious diseases that decreased during NPI use may re-emerge.
· We must continuously monitor the epidemiology of various infectious diseases during the coronavirus era
- Etiological and pathophysiological enigmas of severe coronavirus disease 2019, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, and Kawasaki disease
- Jung-Woo Rhim, Jin-Han Kang, Kyung-Yil Lee
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(4):153-166. Published online November 23, 2021
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· Severe cases of coronavirus disease, Kawasaki disease (KD), and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) share similar findings: a protracted clinical course, multiorgan involvement, and similar activated biomarkers.
· Here we propose etiological agents in KD and MIS-C as species in the microbiota and introduce a common pathogenesis through the protein-homeostasis-system hypothesis.
· Early proper dose of corticosteroids and/or intravenous immunoglobulin may help to reduce morbidity and mortality in these diseases.
- Correspondence and Reply
- Neurobehavior
- Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring: a meta-analysis
- Hadith Rastad, Mahnaz Seifi Alan
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(3):152-152. Published online February 17, 2022
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- Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring: a meta-analysis
- Ensiyeh Jenabi
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(3):152-152. Published online February 17, 2022
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- Letter to the Editor
- Oncology
- Retrospective review of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection in children with acute leukemia from a tertiary care hospital in Northern India
- Suhail Chhabra, Aditya Dabas, Richa Mittal, Neha Goel, Ritabrata Roy Chowdhary, Satyendra Batra, Amitabh Singh, Rani Gera
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(3):150-151. Published online November 26, 2021
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- Original Article
- General Pediatrics
- Gross motor dysfunction and balance impairments in children and adolescents with Down syndrome: a systematic review
- Preyal D. Jain, Akshatha Nayak, Shreekanth D. Karnad, Kaiorisa N. Doctor
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(3):142-149. Published online June 11, 2021
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Question: What are the primary motor and balance dysfunctions in children with Down syndrome?
Finding: These individuals have gross delays, altered balance, and inefficient compensatory mechanisms.
Meaning: Neuromuscular and musculoskeletal impairments due to the chromosomal abnormality lead to developmental delay. These children also exhibit poor balance with greater instability and inefficient compensatory mechanisms including altered center of pressure displacement and trunk stiffening that predisposes them to falls.
- Pulmonology
- Modified high-flow nasal cannula for children with respiratory distress
- Sarocha Itdhiamornkulchai, Aroonwan Preutthipan, Jarin Vaewpanich, Nattachai Anantasit
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(3):136-141. Published online May 24, 2021
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Question: Can the modified high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) provide alternative respiratory support for children with acute respiratory distress?
Finding: A total of 74 patients were assigned to the modified or commercial HFNC groups. The intubation rate, length of hospital stay, and adverse events did not differ between the 2 groups.
Meaning: The modified HFNC can provide alternative respiratory support for pediatric respiratory distress.
- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Is fetal nuchal cord associated with autism spectrum disorder? A meta-analysis
- Ensiyeh Jenabi, Maryam Ahmadi, Azam Maleki
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(3):131-135. Published online September 24, 2021
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Question: Is fetal nuchal cord a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
Finding: Five articles (1 cohort, 4 case-control; total 3,088 children) were included in the present meta-analysis. Fetal nuchal cord was not a risk factor for ASD (odds ratio, 1.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.66–1.57). There was homogeneity among studies that reported a risk of ASD (I2=0.0).
Meaning: Fetal nuchal cord is not a risk factor for ASD.
- Editorial
- Endocrinology
- Clinical and diagnostic importance of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic
- Eun Young Kim
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(3):129-130. Published online January 14, 2022
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∙ Because childhood lipid concentrations continue into adulthood, early evaluation and treatment are needed, but dyslipidemia awareness is low.
∙ For the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia in childhood and adolescence, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease in adulthood, lifestyle modifications, appropriate exercise, and drug treatment are required.
∙ A large-scale study of the prevalence and therapeutic effects of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents in Korea is needed.
- Infection
- Importance of maintaining a high childhood vaccination rate and surveillance program against Japanese encephalitis in Korea
- Su Eun Park
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(3):127-128. Published online February 16, 2022
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∙ Recent epidemiologic changes of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in Korea are area (rural to urban or suburban) and age shift (children to adult).
∙ Although the main factors contributing to recent epidemiologic changes of JE are not well identified, maintaining high vaccination rates of JE appear to be important in preventing of JE in all age groups.
∙ Continuous surveillance for epidemiology and seroprevalence should be carried out.
- Review Article
- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Retinopathy of prematurity: a review of epidemiology and current treatment strategies
- Eun Hee Hong, Yong Un Shin, Heeyoon Cho
- Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(3):115-126. Published online October 12, 2021
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There have been global tri-phasic epidemic periods of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). In recent years, its incidence has reportedly been 10%–40% depending on country and study population. Current treatment strategies for ROP include laser photocoagulation, surgical treatment, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment, the role of which has drawn attention in recent years.
