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· Evidence shows that patients with type 1 diabetes have been severely affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in various ways. · Although there is no reliable evidence that COVID-19 worsens or induces diabetes, it can impair β-cell insulin secretion and glucose control by inducing inflammation and cytokine production. · A study is needed of the short- and long-term relationship between diabetes and COVID-19 in the Korean pediatric population. |
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· Mutations in the kisspeptin (KISS1), kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R), makorin ring finger protein 3 (MKRN3), and delta-like homolog 1 (DLK1) genes are associated with idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP). · A few genes related to pubertal onset have been implicated in ICPP. · Epigenetic factors such as DNA methylation, histone posttranslational modifications, and noncoding ribonucleic acids may be related to ICPP |
∙ Because childhood lipid concentrations continue into adulthood, early evaluation and treatment are needed, but dyslipidemia awareness is low. ∙ For the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia in childhood and adolescence, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease in adulthood, lifestyle modifications, appropriate exercise, and drug treatment are required. ∙ A large-scale study of the prevalence and therapeutic effects of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents in Korea is needed. |
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Question: Have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) increased risk of having an offspring with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? Finding: Six articles (3 cohort and 3 case-control studies; 401,413 total ADHD cases) met the study criteria. Maternal PCOS was associated with an increased risk of ADHD in the offspring based on odds ratio (OR) and relative ratio (RR) (OR, 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27–1.57) and (RR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.35–1.51), respectively. Meaning: Our study showed that maternal PCOS is a risk factor for ADHD. |
•The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing worldwide, including in the Republic of Korea, creating a major public healthissue. •Accumulated evidence indicates a strong relationship between parentalandchildobesity. •A family-based approach is indicated to prevent and manage childhoodandadultobesity. |
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• With the emerging epidemic of pediatric obesity, many endocrine comorbidities classically seen in adulthood are surfacing much earlier in life. • Appropriate obesity counseling and education should be provided from infancy to adolescence. • Managing pediatric obesity may require school and society involvement. |
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∙ Pediatric obesity can involve endocrine comorbidities such as prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, and central precocious puberty. ∙ Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in youth aged 10–19 years had a prevalence of 25.9% and 0.6% in 2013–2014, respectively. ∙ Dyslipidemia in Korean adolescents aged 10–18 years had a prevalence of 7.64% (total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL), 6.09% (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥130 mg/dL), 8.69% (triglyceride ≥150 mg/dL), and 12.52% (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≤40 mg/dL) in 2007–2018. ∙ Metabolic syndrome in Korean youth has a prevalence of 1.9%–14.7% in males and 1.7%–12.6% in females with wide variation in definitions. ∙ Appropriate comorbidity screening and management and/or specialist referral are necessary for obese children and adolescents. |
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Question: Is there a quantitative relationship between air pollutant emissions and the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D)? Finding: The incidence of T1D in each region of the Russian Federation correlated with the total air pollutants emitted each year. Meaning: These findings suggest that air pollution contributes to the development of T1D. |
· Epidemiological studies have shown that ambient air pollution is associated with diabetes mellitus in children and adults. · The mechanism of ambient air pollution causing diabetes mellitus is unclear. · A study of the association between diabetes and air pollution in Korean pediatric populations is required. |
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In Korea, the average age of menarche has declined sharply. Early menarche is associated with psychosocial and behavioral problems and cardiometabolic disease. Excess fructose intake has been suggested as one cause of early menarche in recent studies, so reducing fructose intake may be one solution. |
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Question: How are children and adolescents with dyslipidemia treated and managed in Korea? Finding: 2017 guidelines recommend to measure nonfasting non-HDL-C as a screening test and introduce new diet methods: Cardiovascular Health Integrated Lifestyle Diet (CHILD)-1, CHILD-2-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and CHILD-2-triglyceride. Statin is the only drug approved in children older than 10 years. Meaning: New clinical practice guidelines for treating and managing dyslipidemia of Korean children and adolescents are provided. |
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Question: Can zinc transporter 8 autoantibody (ZnT8A) be used for diagnosing type 1 diabetes (T1D)? Finding: Twenty-two of 30 subjects with type 1 diabetes (73.3 %) were positive for ZnT8A compared to 5 of 18 controls (27.8%). Meaning: ZnT8A has potential for clinical applications in the diagnosis of T1D. |
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Questions: What are the possible effects of air pollution on the occurrence of childhood obesity and what are the mechanisms? Finding: Epidemiologic studies suggest that air pollutants might act as obesogens in the pediatric population, and their possible mechanisms include oxidative stress, physical inactivity, and epigenetic modulation. Meaning: This paper reviews updated information on air pollution, one of the modifiable environmental factors in childhood obesity. |
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Question: Does agricultural pesticide effect precocious puberty in girls? Finding: Dinotefuran, an insecticide of neonicotinoid class, was detected in one of 30 patients with precocious puberty, and in 2 girls of the normal control group, which was not statistically significant. Meaning: There was no close relationship between agricultural pesticides and development of precocious puberty. |
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Question: Does subclinical hypothyroidism in obese children and adolescents affect metabolic parameters? Finding: Insulin, HOMA-IR, and TG levels were higher and the HDL-C level was lower in patients with SH. Meaning: A clear association is observed between SH, and insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in obese children. It can be said that the TSH may be evaluated as a metabolic risk factor in obese patients. |
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