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Original Article
Evolving treatment strategies for invasive Streptococcus pyogenes in children in the postpandemic era
Laura Buricchi, Giuseppe Indolfi, Marco Renni, Elisabetta Venturini, Luisa Galli, Elena Chiappini
Background: Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus [GAS]) is a common cause of bacterial pharyngitis and skin infections in children that can lead to severe and invasive GAS (iGAS) infections. The sudden acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic coincided with an increase in iGAS cases, with emerging serotypes and risk factors like age, reduced postpandemic immunity, and viral coinfections. The treatment...
Unsustainable and overworked: unpacking the challenges faced by pediatric cardiologists and cardiac surgeons in Korea
Soo In Jeong, Gi Beom Kim, Sung Hye Kim, Jae Yoon Na, Hong Ju Shin, Sin Weon Yun, Lucy Youngmin Eun, Sang-Yun Lee, Chang-Ha Lee, Kwang Ho Choi, Seul Gi Cha, Mi Young Han
Background: Pediatric cardiologists (PCs) and pediatric cardiac surgeons (PedCSs) in Korea face growing workforce shortages due to declining birth rates, decreasing interest among trainees, and increasing burnout.
Purpose: This study investigated the working conditions, job satisfaction, and burnout levels among Korean PCs and PedCSs. Methods: In June 2023, the Korean Pediatric Heart Society distributed a structured questionnaire via email to 149 members...
Serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels as biomarkers reflecting liver fibrosis in children with autoimmune hepatitis
Salma Abdel Megeed Nagi, Mai Ibrahim Elashmawy, Amany E. Elashkar, Mohamed Zaeim Hafez, Ashraf A.E. Emara, Osama Mohammad Abdelhay, Albayoumi A.B. Fouda, Mohamed AbdelAziz Doma, Ahmad Mohamed Awad, Ahmed Mohammed Saba, Hesham Abdelrahman Ahmed, Ahmed Mohamed Gad Allah, Fatma Mahmoud Abdelraheem, Mohamed A. Gad, Mohamad A. Soliman, Tamer I. Abdalrhman, Khaled Hassaan Awad, Ismael A.K.M. El-lebedy, Mostafa M. Abdelnaser, Mohammed Z. Abdel Kareem, Marwa Fekry Hassan, Shymaa Sobhy Menshawy Khalifa
Background: Clinical, biochemical, histological, and immunological indicators are frequently used to diagnose autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), a chronic inflammatory liver disease affecting children. Wilson disease, which resembles AIH, is mainly evaluated using serum ceruloplasmin and copper levels. However, changes in these biomarkers have also been observed in AIH, raising the question of whether they could be useful for evaluating children with...
Evaluation of Bak and Bcl-Xl gene expression among pediatric patients with acute primary immune thrombocytopenia
Amira Zaki Badawy, Samia Hassan Kandel, Iman Aly Ahmedy, Mahmoud Ahmed Elhawy, Sally Mohamed El-Hefnawy, Dina Fouad Sief El-Nasr Zidan, Hanan Hassan El-sheity
Background: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet counts and an increased risk of bleeding. Moreover, the apoptotic mechanisms of platelets may influence their production and lifespan.
Purpose: To assess the involvement of apoptotic markers—specifically the B-cell lymphoma protein 2 family proteins Bak and Bcl-Xl in the pathogenesis of acute primary ITP in pediatric patients, and...
Vasovagal syncope and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in adolescents: transcranial doppler versus autonomic function test results
Dong Won Lee
Background: Syncope is a temporary loss of consciousness due to cerebral hypoperfusion associated with autonomic dysfunction. Vasovagal syncope (VVS) and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) are the most common causes of syncope in adolescents.
Purpose: Here we conducted a comparative analysis of VVS and POTS in adolescents using transcranial doppler (TCD) and autonomic function tests to identify the mechanisms underlying the...
Success rates of conservative treatment and optimal surgical timing for pediatric chylothorax
Pakwan Kaewchusen, Narumon Densupsoontorn, Supaluck Kanjanauthai, Puthita Saengpanit
Background: Pediatric chylothorax poses management challenges, with conservative treatment as the first-line approach and surgery reserved for persistent cases. However, data remain limited on factors related to conservative treatment success and optimal surgical timing.
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the success rate of conservative treatment, identify the associated factors, and determine the optimal timing for surgical intervention. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed...
Original Article - Clinical trial
Dual-strain probiotics Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus acidophilus reverse gut dysbiosis in preterm neonates: a randomized controlled trial
Setthawut Sittiwong, Pornthep Tanpowpong, Pisut Pongchaikul, Pracha Nuntnarumit
Background: Preterm neonates exhibit gut dysbiosis, characterized by increased numbers of pathogenic bacteria and decreased Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus levels. Supplementation with the probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum/Lactobacillus acidophilus (BB/LA) may reverse gut dysbiosis.
Purpose: To study the effects of BB/LA on the gut microbiota of preterm neonates. Methods: We enrolled neonates born between July 2022 and September 2023 with a gestational age of <33...
Original Article
Hyperhomocysteinemia in pediatric β-thalassemia: links to vitamin cofactor deficiencies and oxidative stress
Arzu Dadashova, Gunay Aliyeva, Rana Rahimova, Gulnara Azizova, Khayala Mammadova
Background: Homocysteine metabolism is crucial to maintaining vascular and metabolic homeostasis, yet its dysregulation in pediatric β-thalassemia major (β-TM) remains poorly understood.
Purpose: This study investigated the prevalence and determinants of hyperhomocysteinemia in pediatric β-TM with a focus on vitamin B9 (folate), B12, and B6 deficiencies, oxidative stress marker levels, and the impact of splenectomy. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted of...
Respiratory severity score-guided postnatal systemic corticosteroid therapy for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely preterm infants
Gyeong Eun Yeom, Ju Sun Heo, Baek Sup Shin, Seh Hyun Kim, Seung Han Shin, Ee-Kyung Kim, Han-Suk Kim
Background: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a major complication in extremely preterm (EP) infants. Postnatal systemic corticosteroids reduce inflammation and may help prevent or treat BPD. However, their use is limited because of concerns regarding neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, the optimal timing and criteria for steroid therapy initiation remain unclear.
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a respiratory severity score...
Trends and determinants in breastfeeding among Korean infants (2007–2021): a nationwide study using the National Health Screening Program for Infants and Children
Minwoong Kang, Eui Kyung Choi, Jeung Min Lee, Hye-Jung Shin, Woo Ryoung Lee, Son Moon Shin, Korean Society of Breastfeeding Medicine
Background: Breastfeeding has nutritional, immunolo­gical, and psychological benefits for infants. However, breastfeeding rates have recently declined in South Korea.
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the breastfeed­ing trends and determinants in a nationwide birth cohort. Methods: This retrospective cohort study used claims data from the National Health Insurance Service from 2007–2022. Infants born between 2007 and 2021 who underwent at least one...
Allogeneic stem-cell transplantation following chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for treatment of relapsed/ refractory hematologic malignancy in children and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ghea Mangkuliguna, Edi Setiawan Tehuteru, Reganedgary Jonlean, Nicholas Adrianto, Stella Kallista
Background: Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy offer potential complementary benefits.
Purpose: This study aimed to ascertain whether incorporating consolidative allo-SCT after CAR T-cell therapy can augment the therapeutic outcomes of child and young adult patients with relapsed/refractory hematologic malignancy. Methods: A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, EBSCOHost, ProQuest, and the grey literature...
Review Article
Artificial Intelligence in Pediatric Healthcare: current applications, potentials and implementation considerations
Taejin Park, In-Hee Lee, Seung Wook Lee, Sek Won Kong
Artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed pediatric healthcare by supporting diagnostics, personalized treatment strategies, and prognosis predictions. Although it offers significant promise in these areas, its application in pediatric settings poses distinct challenges compared with that in adults due to variable developmental status, the limited availability of pediatric data, and ethical concerns regarding bias and transparency. This narrative review summarizes the...
Original Article
Effect of postoperative enteral protein supplementation on nitrogen balance in critically ill children
Irene Yuniar, Kadek Apik Lestari, Antonius Hocky Pudjiadi, Fatima Safira Alatas, Yoga Devaera
Background: Critically ill children are at risk of postoperative malnutrition. Thus, optimal nutritional therapy is essential for preventing morbidity development and reducing mortality rates among this population. An adequate protein intake increases anabolism. However, data on the effect of enteral protein supplementation on nitrogen balance and intestinal fatty acid–binding protein (I-FABP) levels in postoperative critically ill children remain limited.
Purpose: This...
Adenosine deaminase and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genetic polymorphisms among obese children with versus without metabolic dysfunction–associated fatty liver disease
Hala M. Sakhr, Mohammed H. Hassan, Azza Mohamed Taha, Ali Helmi Bakri
Background: Metabolic disorder–associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in children is an emerging global health concern, particularly in terms of obesity and metabolic disturbances. Inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MAFLD, with adenosine deaminase (ADA) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) being potential contributors.
Purpose: This study aimed to assess the association between ADA G22A and IL-1Ra single...
Review Article
Cost-effectiveness of newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency: a systematic review
Rezwanul Rana, Syed Afroz Keramat, Moin Ahmed
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a rare genetic disorder that causes severe infections and death in early childhood. Newborn bloodspot screening (NBS) for SCID using the T-cell receptor excision circle assay can revolutionize the early detection and treatment of infants with SCID, leading to improved quality of life and life expectancy. This systematic review aimed to examine the cost-effectiveness of...
Original Article
Factors associated with thiamin deficiency in pediatric patients with heart disease and receiving diuretics: a single-center study
Phakwan Laohathai, Rathaporn Sumboonnanonda, Puthita Saengpanit, Chodchanok Vijarnsorn, Chatchawan Srisawat, Kwanjai Chotipanang, Sarawut Junnu, Supawan Kunnangja, Hathaichanok Rukprayoon, Phakkanan Phuangphan, Sompong Liammongkolkul, Arthima Phaokong, Narumon Densupsoontorn
Background: Thiamin deficiency (TD) manifesting clinically as wet beriberi can significantly impair a patient's cardiac function. Children with heart disease who are receiving diuretic treatment may be at increased risk for severe clinical manifestations of TD.
Purpose: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of TD and evaluate the association between various factors with thiamin status in pediatric patients with heart...
Association between macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene and growth differentiation factor 15 gene polymorphisms and circulating levels with respiratory distress syndrome among preterm neonates
Ali Helmi Bakri, Mohammed H. Hassan, Khaled Abdalla Abd-Elbaseer, Mahmoud Abo -Alhassan Sayed, Ahmed Alamir Mahmoud Abdallah, Eman Ahmed Abd-Elmawgood
Background: In preterm newborns, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is among the main causes of respiratory failure and mortality. However, the effect of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) on neonatal developmental lung disease is not well documented in the literature. Moreover, little is known about the effects of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) on lung maturity in preterm infants.
Purpose: To evaluate...
Role of miRNA-146a and miRNA-125b in Helicobacter pylori
Nashwa Mohamed, Ola Behairy, Manal EL-Defrawy, Mona Elsayed, Naglaa Alhusseini
Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a common gastrointestinal pathogen associated with gastritis and peptic ulcers. The early detection of H. pylori–related gastritis is crucial to its effective management, especially in pediatric patients with dyspepsia.
Purpose: This study aimed to assess the expression of miRNA-146a and miRNA-125b as potential indicators of H. pylori–associated gastritis in children. Methods: This cross-sectional study...
Original Article - Clinical trial
Effect of vitamin C supplement in treatment of childhood pneumonia requiring hospitalization: A randomized controlled trial
Chutima Phuaksaman, Katechan Jampachaisri, Klaita Srisingh
Background: The role of vitamin C in children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children is controversial; moreover, a standard dose is lacking.
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the ability of vitamin C to reduce symptom severity and length of hospital stay among children with CAP as well as determine its optimal dose. Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial...
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