Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

Original Article

Infection

Enteric pathogens implicated in acute infectious diarrhea among young children in resource-limited region with rapidly growing population: a hospital-based cross-sectional study

Aseel Mahmood Ibrahim Al-Mashahedah, Randa Mohammed Dhahi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(5):379-387. Published online December 23, 2024

Question: What are the most common enteric pathogens in acute diarrhea among children younger than 5 years of age, and which age group is most susceptible?
Finding: Bacteria were the most common causative microorganisms of diarrhea, followed by viruses, parasites, and fungi. The 1–2-year age group was the most commonly affected.
Meaning: There is a need to formulate preventive strategies targeting children exposed to enteric pathogens to limit diarrhea.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.01333

Clinical characteristics and associated factors of pediatric acute necrotizing encephalopathy: a retrospective study

Huiling Zhang, Yilong Wang, Qianyun Ding, Xuekun Li, Sheng Ye

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(2):153-162. Published online November 11, 2024

· The mortality rate of acute necrotizing encephalopathy was high.
· Laboratory tests revealed that the fatal group had higher creatinine, lactate, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, creatine kinase, and D-dimer than survivors.
· The fatal group displayed lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores and arterial pH.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00794

Carbapenem resistance in gram-negative pathogens in an Iranian hospital: high prevalence of OXA-type carbapenemase genes

Setareh Mamishi, Reihaneh Hosseinpour Sadeghi, Sadaf Sajedi Moghaddam, Babak Pourakbari, Shiva Poormohammadi, Maryam Sotoudeh Anvari, Shima Mahmoudi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):65-72. Published online October 31, 2024

Question: What is the prevalence of carbapenem resistance in gram-negative bacteria and associated carbapenemase genes?
Findings: This study identified a notable prevalence of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative isolates, with Escherichia coli being the predominant contributor, follow ed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, while bla _OXA48 was the most prevalent carbapenemase gene.
Meaning: These findings highlight the urgent need for proactive measures including the rapid detection of carbapenemase- producing isolates and effective infection control.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01774

Clinical, biochemical, and genetic study of TACE/TNF-α/ACE signaling pathway in pediatric COVID-19 infection

Ahmed El-Abd Ahmed, Sawsan M.A. Abuhamdah, Mohammed H. Hassan, Nagwan I. Rashwan, Eman A. Abd-Elmawgood, Haggagy Mansour, Hoda S. Sherkawy, Shymaa G. Rizk

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(12):704-717. Published online November 27, 2024

Question: Is the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway (TNF-α-converting enzyme [TACE]/TNF-α/angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE]) involved in pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection?
Finding: Significantly increased circulating TACE/TNF-α and decreased ACE2 levels were noted. TNF-α-308G/A plays a significant role in susceptibility to COVID-19 infection among children. The ACE (I/D) (rs4646994) and ACE2 (rs2285666) single nucleotide polymorphisms lack significant associations with pediatric COVID-19 infection.
Meaning: The TNF signaling pathway participates in pediatric COVID-19 infection.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00941

Editorial

Infection

Preventing bloodstream infections in children after liver transplantation

Young June Choe

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(11):599-600. Published online April 18, 2024

Liver transplantation (LT) is crucial for children with end-stage liver diseases, yet bloodstream infections (BSI) pose significant risks, despite medical advancements. Immunosuppressants, essential for preventing organ rejection, heighten infection susceptibility. Understanding BSI organisms is vital due to antimicrobial resistance. Pediatric LT recipients have unique risk factors, demanding tailored preventive measures. This systematic review on bacterial BSI emphasizes the urgency of effective prevention strategies, considering the high incidence and distinct organism profile. Further research is vital for optimizing antibiotic management and improving outcomes for this vulnerable population.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00045

Review Article

Infection

Incidence, causative organisms, and risk factors of bloodstream infections in pediatric liver transplant patients: a systematic review

Mohamad Shieb, Rand Hasanain, Zara Arshad, Faisal A. Nawaz, Rahul Kashyap, Eric J. Stern

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(9):427-434. Published online April 5, 2024

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

The overall incidence of bloodstream infections was 23.5%. Gram-negative organisms occur at a much higher rate in pediatric liver transplant recipients then that the general pediatric population. However, when comparing pediatric and adult liver transplant recipients Gram-positive organisms occur with a much higher rate in the pediatric population highlighting the importance of early and broad spectrum antimicrobial coverage when bloodstream infections are suspected.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01466

Original Article

Infection

Construction and validation of predictive models for intravenous immunoglobulin–resistant Kawasaki disease using an interpretable machine learning approach

Linfan Deng, Jian Zhao, Ting Wang, Bin Liu, Jun Jiang, Peng Jia, Dong Liu, Gang Li

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(8):405-414. Published online July 23, 2024

Web of Science 1

Question: Is there a reliable model to predict intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)-resistant Kawasaki disease (KD)?
Finding: We constructed 5 machine learning models to predict IVIG-resistant KD. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model was superior to logistic, support vector machine, light gradient boosting machine and multiple layers perception models. The SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) value interpreted the contribution of each feature in XGBoost model.
Meaning: XGBoost model showed the excellent performance to predict IVIG-resistant KD with explainable and visualizable machine learning algorithm.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00549

Review Article

Infection

Community-acquired pneumonia in children: updated perspectives on its etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

Ki Wook Yun

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(2):80-89. Published online June 14, 2023

Web of Science 9 Crossref 13

· Most commonly confirmed causes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children are Mycoplasma pneumoniae (8%–40%) and respiratory syncytial virus (15%–20%).
· Pyogenic bacteria, most commonly Streptococcus pneumoniae (40%–50%) and Streptococcus pyogenes (10%–25%), are detected in 2%–5% of children hospitalized with CAP.
· CAP should be diagnosed conservatively according to clinical and radiological criteria.
· The etiology should be identified via appropriate test result interpretation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01452

COVID-19 among infants: key clinical features and remaining controversies

Nevio Cimolai

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(1):1-16. Published online November 27, 2023

Web of Science 5 Crossref 5

· Clinical studies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in infants should be supported by rigorous laboratory diagnostic criteria.
· Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spreads to infants similarly to other viral respiratory infections.
· Among infants ≤1 year of age beyond the immediate postpartum period, COVID-19 is relatively mild, but even the low risk of severe disease requires prevention.
· Comorbidities increase infection vulnerability and complications in infants.
· Clinical and laboratory data do not sufficiently distinguish COVID-19 from other respiratory viral infections.
· Coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is uncommon among infants.
· Unique infection sequelae, including multi-inflammatory syndrome in children and neonates and long COVID require further study and refinement of diagnostic criteria.
· Infection control standards applied to mother-infant dyads should be tempered by standard preventive strategies, maternal input, accommodation potential, and overall safety.
· Maternal vaccination prevents disease in early infancy.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00794

Editorial

Infection

COVID-19 infection and vaccination among children

Amnuay Kleebayoon, Viroj Wiwanitkit

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(12):531-532. Published online August 30, 2023

· Coronavirus disease 2019 (OVID-19) infection and immunization have been linked with kidney problems; however, causality has not been proven.
· Concern about confounders is usually needed.
· Correspondence about a published article on the COVID-19 vaccine

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00899

Review Article

Infection

Safety monitoring of COVID-19 vaccines: February 26, 2021, To June 4, 2022, Republic of Korea

Yeon-Kyeng Lee, Yunhyung Kwon, Yesul Heo, Eun Kyoung Kim, Seung Yun Kim, Hoon Cho, Seontae Kim, Mijeong Ko, Dosang Lim, Soon-Young Seo, Enhi Cho

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(10):415-423. Published online June 13, 2023

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

· Enhanced safety monitoring system of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines were implemented to detect signals rapidly as part of the national COVID-19 vaccination program.
· As of June 4, 2023, reported adverse events after COVID-19 vaccination was 0.38% among 125,107,883 doses of COVID- 19 vaccines administered.
· Most reported adverse reactions after COVID-19 vaccinations have shown nonserious and mild intensity.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00815

Letter to the Editor

Infection

SARS-CoV-2 fecal shedding pattern in pediatric patients with acute COVID-19 or COVID-19-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome

Setareh Mamishi, Fatemeh Jalali, Sepideh Benvari, Babak Pourakbari, Mohammad Reza Abdolsalehi, Reihaneh Hosseinpour Sadeghi, Mohammad Shahbabaie, Amene Navaeian, Shima Mahmoudi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(8):366-368. Published online June 14, 2023

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00297

Chest x-ray findings in children with COVID-19: lesson learned from referral hospitals in Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia

Andrew Limavady, Eka Airlangga, Ririe Fachrina Malisie, Ayodhia Pitaloka Pasaribu

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(7):317-319. Published online May 16, 2023

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01179

Original Article

Infection

Seroprevalence of maternal peripartum human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the Nigerian literature

Abdulrasheed Usman, Muhammad Hamis Musa, Bukhari Isah Shuaib, Olayemi Balogun, Mukhtar Adeiza

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(7):307-316. Published online December 22, 2022

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

The peripartum period is an important transmission time for human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) infection, mainly via breastfeeding and partly through the placental tissues of carrier mothers. Although most HTLV-1–infected individuals are asymptomatic, fetal and childhood infections often result in several diseases with disappointing treatment outcomes. An estimated HTLV-1 burden in Nigeria among perinatal women must be determined to enable rational planning of a comprehensive health care intervention.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00710

Editorial

Infection

Impact and role of vitamins as immunonutrition in children during COVID-19 pandemic

Yoo Min Lee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(5):212-214. Published online April 18, 2023

Crossref 1

· Vitamins have effector mechanisms in the innate and adaptive immune systems and potential roles in preventing and reducing the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
· Vitamins may be immunonutrients in the treatment of COVID-19 infections and prevention of patient deterioration due to critical illness, thus demonstrating the significance of a nutritious, well-balanced diet.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01305

Review Article

Infection

COVID-19 in immunocompromised children and adolescents

Byung Ok Kwak, Byung Wook Eun

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(5):182-189. Published online April 18, 2023

Web of Science 9 Crossref 11

Most immunocompromised children and adolescents are not at increased risk of developing severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 outcomes for low- or medium-risk immunocompromised children are favorable, while more serious illness reportedly occurs in high-risk immunocompromised children by underlying disease, its treatments, and other factors. Therefore, the early detection and timely management of severe COVID-19 and treatment of underlying disease are important. Hospitalization and COVID-19 vaccination should be carefully considered.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00878

Original Article

Infection

Predicting COVID-19 transmission in a student population in Seoul, South Korea, 2020–2021

Young Hwa Lee, Han Ho Kim, Young June Choe

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(4):173-178. Published online December 22, 2022

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

Question: What is the spatial distribution and determinants of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection among students in Korea?
Finding: The community population was closely associated with the risk of COVID-19, and the number of students per school class were inversely associated with COVID-19 rates in students.
Meaning: Our finding suggests that controlling the community-level burden of COVID-19 can help prevent sudden acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in school-aged children.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00983

Clinical characteristics of pediatric patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 versus common human coronaviruses: a national multicenter study

In Suk Sol, Eun Lee, Hyeon-Jong Yang, Yong Ju Lee, Hye Yung Yum, Mi-Hee Lee, Mi Ae Chu, Hui Jeong Moon, Hyo-Bin Kim, Ju Hee Seo, Jung Yeon Shim, Ji Young Ahn, Yoon Young Jang, Hai Lee Chung, Eun Hee Chung, Kyunghoon Kim, Bong-Seong Kim, Cheol Hong Kim, Yang Park, Meeyong Shin, Kyung Suk Lee, Man Yong Han, Soo-Jong Hong, Eun Kyeong Kang, Chang Keun Kim; on behalf of The Pneumonia & Respiratory Disease Study Group of Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(3):134-141. Published online December 22, 2022

Crossref 1

Question: The clinical differences between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human coronaviruses (HCoV) in children remain unknown.
Finding: This study compared the clinical findings of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 versus HCoV. Its findings suggest that children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2 have a milder clinical course than those with HCoV.
Meaning: The clinical course of children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2 should be closely monitored during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00703

Review Article

Infection

Pathogenetic and etiologic considerations of febrile seizures

Ji Yoon Han, Seung Beom Han

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(2):46-53. Published online January 13, 2023

Web of Science 8 Crossref 10

· Inflammatory responses accompanying fever increase neuronal excitability in the central nervous system, which in turn provokes seizures.
· Fever in children with febrile seizures is usually caused by common respiratory viruses, the distributions of which match those of seasonal community-acquired respiratory tract infections.
· Several genetic variations in ion channels seem associated with neuronal hyperexcitability in children with febrile seizures.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01039

Global varicella vaccination programs

Young Hwa Lee, Young June Choe, Jia Lee, Eunseong Kim, Jae Young Lee, Kwan Hong, Yoonsun Yoon, Yun-Kyung Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(12):555-562. Published online November 2, 2022

Web of Science 30 Crossref 30

It is important to evaluate its effectiveness at the national level and to determine the varicella vaccine schedule based on the evidence generated through the studies.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01564

Perspective

Infection

Statement on healthcare system preparedness in response to COVID-19 Omicron subvariants BA.4 and BA.5 surge in Korea from the Korean Pediatric Society and Korean Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Eun Young Cho, Dong Hyun Kim, Soo-Han Choi, Ki Wook Yun, Jong Gyun Ahn, Hye-Kyung Cho, Hyunju Lee, Jina Lee, Taek-Jin Lee, Byung-Wook Eun, Jin Lee, Dae Sun Jo, Yun-Kyung Kim, Yae-Jean Kim; Committee on Infectious Diseases of the Korean Pediatric Society

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(11):510-511. Published online September 23, 2022

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

In order to respond to the recent surge in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and the continuously changing epidemiology of COVID-19, a sustainable and flexible pediatric healthcare system must be prepared considering the specificity of pediatric care. We demand a more proactive response from the health authorities to check the current state of pediatric COVID-19 patient care and to ensure that pediatric patients receive appropriate and timely management.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01088

Review Article

Infection

Therapeutics for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 in children and adolescents

Soo-Han Choi, Jae Hong Choi, Ki Wook Yun

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(8):377-386. Published online June 27, 2022

Web of Science 5 Crossref 5

· Children and adolescents with high risks for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) should be identified and proper treatment should be provided promptly according to the patient’s condition.
· Remdesivir can be considered for pediatric patients of all ages with COVID-19 who have an emergent or increase in supplemental oxygen.
· The use of corticosteroids is not recommended for patients with nonsevere COVID-19. Corticosteroids are recommended in children and adolescents with severe and critical COVID-19.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00458

Original Article

Infection

Role of lung ultrasound patterns in monitoring coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome in children

Satyabrata Roychowdhoury, Subhajit Bhakta, Manas Kumar Mahapatra, Saptarshi Ghosh, Sayantika Saha, Mithun Chandra Konar, Mihir Sarkar, Mousumi Nandi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(7):358-366. Published online May 13, 2022

Web of Science 4 Crossref 3

Question: Potential role of patterns of lung ultrasonography (US) in monitoring changes in mechanically ventilated patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia.
Finding: Interstitial syndrome, an irregular pleural line, and peripheral microconsolidation were the most prevalent findings. Changes in lung aeration after mechanical ventilation corelated with improved oxygenation. A fall in lung ultrasound reaeration score ≤ 5 may predict successful weaning.
Meaning: Lung US is gaining wider utility for monitoring COVID-19 pneumonia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01655

Letter to the Editor

Infection

Changes in epidemiology of parainfluenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus infection during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Korea

Kyung-Ran Kim, Hwanhee Park, Doo Ri Kim, Yae-Jean Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(6):320-321. Published online March 10, 2022

Web of Science 4 Crossref 4

Question: How the epidemiology of other childhood respiratory viruses has changed during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Korea?
Finding: Parainfluenza virus (PIV) typically circulated in the spring, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) epidemic started in autumn in Korea before COVID-19 pandemic. PIV and RSV seasons disappeared in 2020 and came back in 2021 with atypical seasonality. PIV season was changed from spring to autumn, and the beginning of RSV season was slightly delayed from autumn to early winter in 2021.
Meaning: Circulation of PIV and RSV was changed to unusual seasons and patterns during COVID-19 pandemic period.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01823

Editorial

Infection

Effects of nonpharmaceutical interventions for coronavirus disease 2019

Jae Hong Choi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(5):250-251. Published online March 22, 2022

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

∙ Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have decreased the incidence of various infectious diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
∙ During the 2-year COVID-19 pandemic, NPIs changed patients’ daily lives, and the impact on mental health was notable.
∙ The effects of NPIs were evaluated in detail, considering both infections and mental health.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01830

Review Article

Infection

Four months of rifampicin monotherapy for latent tuberculosis infection in children

Chi Eun Oh, Dick Menzies

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(5):214-221. Published online October 29, 2021

Web of Science 6 Crossref 6

· Recently, the importance of a short-term treatment regimen including rifamycin has been highlighted in the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI).
· Four prospective or retrospective studies in children consistently reported that a 4-month daily rifampicin regimen (4R) had a higher completion rate than and comparable safety to a nine-month daily isoniazid regimen.
· We suggest rifampicin 20–30 mg/kg/day for children aged 0–2 years and 15–20 mg/kg/day for children aged 2–10 years in 4R to treat LTBI.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01186

Epidemiological changes in infectious diseases during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Korea: a systematic review

Jong Gyun Ahn

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(4):167-171. Published online November 30, 2021

Web of Science 14 Crossref 14

· Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have had a major impact on the epidemiology of various infectious diseases in Korea.
· Respiratory diseases and gastrointestinal viral diseases were significantly reduced during the NPI period.
· The decrease in Kawasaki disease after the introduction of NPI is an unintended result.
· Infectious diseases that decreased during NPI use may re-emerge.
· We must continuously monitor the epidemiology of various infectious diseases during the coronavirus era

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01515

Etiological and pathophysiological enigmas of severe coronavirus disease 2019, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, and Kawasaki disease

Jung-Woo Rhim, Jin-Han Kang, Kyung-Yil Lee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(4):153-166. Published online November 23, 2021

Web of Science 20 Crossref 22

· Severe cases of coronavirus disease, Kawasaki disease (KD), and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) share similar findings: a protracted clinical course, multiorgan involvement, and similar activated biomarkers.
· Here we propose etiological agents in KD and MIS-C as species in the microbiota and introduce a common pathogenesis through the protein-homeostasis-system hypothesis.
· Early proper dose of corticosteroids and/or intravenous immunoglobulin may help to reduce morbidity and mortality in these diseases.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01270

Editorial

Infection

Importance of maintaining a high childhood vaccination rate and surveillance program against Japanese encephalitis in Korea

Su Eun Park

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(3):127-128. Published online February 16, 2022

Web of Science 2 Crossref 1

∙ Recent epidemiologic changes of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in Korea are area (rural to urban or suburban) and age shift (children to adult).
∙ Although the main factors contributing to recent epidemiologic changes of JE are not well identified, maintaining high vaccination rates of JE appear to be important in preventing of JE in all age groups.
∙ Continuous surveillance for epidemiology and seroprevalence should be carried out.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01557

Review Article

Infection

Changes in age-specific seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus and impact of Japanese encephalitis vaccine in Korea

Byung Ok Kwak, Young Jin Hong, Dong Hyun Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(3):108-114. Published online September 24, 2021

Web of Science 13 Crossref 13

Since the introduction of a universal Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccination program and urbanization, the incidence of JE has dramatically decreased in Korea. However, recent JE cases have occurred, predominantly among unvaccinated adults and with a shift in age distribution. Continuous surveillance of the seroprevalence of JE is required to establish a proper immunization policy in Korea.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.01984

Cited By 26	Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants
Cited By 21	Long COVID in children and adolescents: prevalence, clinical manifestations, and management strategies
Cited By 20	Association of gut microbiota with obesity in children and adolescents
Cited By 19	Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among parents of neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Cited By 18	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance in children