Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

Review Article

Infection

COVID-19 in immunocompromised children and adolescents

Byung Ok Kwak, Byung Wook Eun

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(5):182-189. Published online April 18, 2023

Most immunocompromised children and adolescents are not at increased risk of developing severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 outcomes for low- or medium-risk immunocompromised children are favorable, while more serious illness reportedly occurs in high-risk immunocompromised children by underlying disease, its treatments, and other factors. Therefore, the early detection and timely management of severe COVID-19 and treatment of underlying disease are important. Hospitalization and COVID-19 vaccination should be carefully considered.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00878

Perspective

Other

New public-centered child protection system in Korea

We Sun Shim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(5):179-181. Published online April 18, 2023

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

Korea’s child abuse response system was transformed under policy change in April 2020, from what was previously operated on a private-centered basis to a focus on the public sector with expanded role of local governments. Promising outcomes are expected with new system as greater governmental intervention will effectively protect at-risk children with acceleration in institutional collaboration and expertise in information management and administration.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00150

Editorial

Other

Advancing pediatric health: the multifaceted scope of Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

Jin Hee Oh, Man Yong Han

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(4):171-172. Published online March 29, 2023

Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) is a journal that specializes in pediatric research topics. It covers a wide range of research areas, including basic research, translational research, and research related to improving pediatric health and diseases. CEP also focuses on the coordination of societal structures and processes that orchestrate pediatric health and disease throughout society, and the parallel relationship between regional characteristics and globalization. The journal intends to continue promoting pediatric health through relentless efforts and the discovery of new research areas.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00185

Clinical Note

Other

Novel PTRH2 gene variant causing IMNEPD (infantile-onset multisystem neurologic, endocrine, and pancreatic disease) in 2 Saudi siblings

Dalal K. Bubshait

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(5):223-225. Published online March 23, 2023

Web of Science 3 Crossref 3

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01074

Editorial

Gastroenterology

Is there a link between social media usage and functional gastrointestinal disorders in children?

Hae Jeong Lee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(4):169-170. Published online March 23, 2023

Social media use has potential benefits and risks, including links to adverse health problems in children such as functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). Screen time control, emotional support, and parental guidance can help children navigate social media safely and reduce the risk of developing FGIDs.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00143

Original Article

Hematology

Changes and correlations of T-cell coinhibitory molecule programmed death-1 and interferon-γ in pediatric immune thrombocytopenia

Fady Mohamed El-Gendy, Amira M.F. Shehata, Esam Awad Abd El-Kawy, Mahmoud Ahmed El-Hawy

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(3):127-133. Published online February 24, 2023

Web of Science 2 Crossref 1

Question: What are the PD-1⁺ CD4⁺ T cells percentages and serum interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels of pediatric patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)?
Finding: Compared with healthy controls, the PD-1⁺ CD4⁺ T cells percentages and IFN-γ levels were significantly higher in ITP patients before and 1 month after therapy.
Meaning: Our findings suggest that PD-1⁺ CD4⁺ T cells and IFN-γ are involved in the pathophysiological process of ITP.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00920

Editorial

Nephrology (Genitourinary)

Optimal hemodialysis treatment for pediatric kidney failure patients

Yo Han Ahn

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(3):125-126. Published online February 15, 2023

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

· Although the basic concept of hemodialysis (HD) is similar in adults and children, specific factors must be considered in the latter, including the small dialyzer and circuit, difficult vascular access, and frequent complications.
· HD-associated complications include catheter-related problems, hemodynamic instability, and neurodevelopmental and cognitive dysfunction.
· Pediatric HD is challenging, and steady efforts are needed to perform it safely and reduce its complications, thereby improving clinical outcomes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01431

Review Article

Neurology

Pediatric syncope: pearls and pitfalls in history taking

Jung Sook Yeom, Hyang-Ok Woo

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(3):88-97. Published online February 15, 2023

Crossref 2

An accurate diagnosis depends on correct history taking and its interpretation. An in-depth understanding of the symptoms of syncope in connection with its pathophysiology can lead to avoiding critical pitfalls in the diagnostic process of history taking.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00451

Letter to the Editor

Endocrinology

Accuracy of predicted adult height using the Greulich-Pyle method and artificial intelligence medical device

Dongho Cho, Yun Sun Choi, Hayun Oh, Young min Ahn, Ji-Young Seo

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(3):145-147. Published online January 25, 2023

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01116

Review Article

Infection

Pathogenetic and etiologic considerations of febrile seizures

Ji Yoon Han, Seung Beom Han

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(2):46-53. Published online January 13, 2023

Web of Science 6 Crossref 9

· Inflammatory responses accompanying fever increase neuronal excitability in the central nervous system, which in turn provokes seizures.
· Fever in children with febrile seizures is usually caused by common respiratory viruses, the distributions of which match those of seasonal community-acquired respiratory tract infections.
· Several genetic variations in ion channels seem associated with neuronal hyperexcitability in children with febrile seizures.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01039

Endocrinology

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance in children

Kyungchul Song, Ho-Seong Kim, Hyun Wook Chae

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(12):512-519. Published online January 9, 2023

Web of Science 17 Crossref 16

· The prevalence of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increased from 8.2% in 2009 to 12.1% in 2018 in Korea.
· Laboratory tests, biomarkers, and imaging studies are used for the early detection of NAFLD.
· Insulin resistance is closely related to NAFLD.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01312

Other

Hearing loss in neonates and infants

Goun Choe, Su-Kyoung Park, Bong Jik Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(9):369-376. Published online January 9, 2023

Web of Science 9 Crossref 10

· Congenital hearing loss is common, with an approximate incidence of 1.5 per 1,000 newborns and affecting 1.2%–11% of preterm and 1.6%–13.7% of neonatal intensive care unit neonates.
· Etiologies vary, and up to 80% of cases are genetic.
· Newborn hearing screenings follow the 1-3-6 rule, and babies at high risk of hearing loss should be referred to otolaryngology for early detection and timely intervention.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01011

Allergy

Recent topics on gastrointestinal allergic disorders

Yoshiyuki Yamada

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(6):240-249. Published online January 9, 2023

Web of Science 3 Crossref 3

Gastrointestinal (GI) allergies are divided into immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated, non-IgE-mediated, and mixed types. In addition to non-IgE-mediated, overlapping eosinophilic GI disorders (EGIDs) have increased in Japan. EGIDs, a mixed-type allergy category, include eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and non-EoE EGIDs. The number of EoE cases has increased in Western countries, followed by Asian countries. Recent GI allergies may also be associated with type 2 inflammation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01053

Gastroenterology

Update on eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease beyond eosinophilic esophagitis in children

Hye Ran Yang

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(6):233-239. Published online January 3, 2023

Web of Science 4 Crossref 3

· Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease (EGID) is uncommon, with a prevalence of 1–30/100,000 in the general population; however, it is increasing worldwide.
· The diagnosis of EGID is based on histopathological findings of endoscopic mucosal biopsy in which tissue eosinophils are counted in each gastrointestinal tract segment of patients with chronic or recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms.
· Individualized treatment strategies, including adequate dietary and pharmacological therapy, may help improve outcomes of children with EGID.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01046

Cardiology

Environmental changes surrounding congenital heart disease

Eun-Young Choi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(8):332-338. Published online January 2, 2023

· As the number of patients with congenital heart disease increases, the medical burden increases.
· Various fusion imaging techniques using percutaneous procedures have been introduced.
· With advances in technology, convenient ambulatory devices have been introduced.
· A well-organized team approach is required to resolve advanced heart failure in patients with congenital heart disease.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00976

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants

In Gyu Song

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(7):281-287. Published online December 30, 2022

Web of Science 19 Crossref 21

· Among survivors, 60.9% of infants born at 22 weeks’ gestation had moderate to severe impairments, whereas 50.3% born at 23 weeks’ and 42.2% at 24 weeks’ gestation had moderate to severe impairments.
· Moderate and late preterm infants reportedly have less severe disease than very preterm infants, but they still experience adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.
· The careful follow-up and early detection of developmental problems in these patients are required.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00822

Clinical Note

Genetics and Metabolism

Biallelic POLR3A variants cause Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch syndrome with atypical brain involvement

Byungseung Moon, Minhye Kim, Hye Jin Kim, Jae So Cho, Hey Joon Son, Byung Chan Lim, Ki Joong Kim, Jong Hee Chae, Soo Yeon Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(3):142-144. Published online December 30, 2022

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01144

Review Article

Neurology

Electroencephalography source localization

Tae-Hoon Eom

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(5):201-209. Published online December 29, 2022

Web of Science 8 Crossref 10

· Electroencephalography (EEG) directly images the electrical activity of neurons at a higher temporal resolution than other neuroimaging techniques.
· EEG is still widely used in brain function research due to its advantages.
· Forward and inverse problems of EEG analyses require solutions.
· Methods such as the dipole and distributed source models have been introduced.
· Applications of EEG are expanding with the integration of other technologies and large-scale data.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00962

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Treatment of congenital cytomegalovirus infection

Gyu Hong Shim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(9):384-394. Published online December 28, 2022

Web of Science 5 Crossref 8

· Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is among the most common causes of nongenetic sensorineural hearing loss.
· Congenital CMV is initially treated with intravenous ganciclovir for 2–6 weeks and switched to oral valganciclovir, or with oral valganciclovir for the entire 6-month period.
· Infants with congenital CMV require periodic monitoring of absolute neutrophil count, platelet count, and blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, liver function tests, audiological, ophthalmological, and developmental tests during antiviral medication.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01032

Original Article

Infection

Seroprevalence of maternal peripartum human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the Nigerian literature

Abdulrasheed Usman, Muhammad Hamis Musa, Bukhari Isah Shuaib, Olayemi Balogun, Mukhtar Adeiza

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(7):307-316. Published online December 22, 2022

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

The peripartum period is an important transmission time for human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) infection, mainly via breastfeeding and partly through the placental tissues of carrier mothers. Although most HTLV-1–infected individuals are asymptomatic, fetal and childhood infections often result in several diseases with disappointing treatment outcomes. An estimated HTLV-1 burden in Nigeria among perinatal women must be determined to enable rational planning of a comprehensive health care intervention.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00710

Review Article

General Pediatrics

Korean Developmental Screening Test for Infants and Children (K-DST): development, applications, and implications for future early childhood development interventions

Dooyoung Kim, Young June Choe, Bilal Aurang Zeb Durrani, EunYoung Kim, Junghye Byeon, Baik-Lin Eun

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(7):288-293. Published online December 22, 2022

Web of Science 13 Crossref 12

· This review discusses the development and application of the Korean Developmental Screening Test for Infants and Children (K-DST) for ensuring early childhood development.
· Various studies have demonstrated the integral role of the K-DST in facilitating the detection of developmental delays and delivery of timely interventions.
· The tailoring of the K-DST to Korean infants and children suggests that other countries may further translate and adapt it.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00906

Original Article

Infection

Predicting COVID-19 transmission in a student population in Seoul, South Korea, 2020–2021

Young Hwa Lee, Han Ho Kim, Young June Choe

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(4):173-178. Published online December 22, 2022

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

Question: What is the spatial distribution and determinants of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection among students in Korea?
Finding: The community population was closely associated with the risk of COVID-19, and the number of students per school class were inversely associated with COVID-19 rates in students.
Meaning: Our finding suggests that controlling the community-level burden of COVID-19 can help prevent sudden acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in school-aged children.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00983

Clinical characteristics of pediatric patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 versus common human coronaviruses: a national multicenter study

In Suk Sol, Eun Lee, Hyeon-Jong Yang, Yong Ju Lee, Hye Yung Yum, Mi-Hee Lee, Mi Ae Chu, Hui Jeong Moon, Hyo-Bin Kim, Ju Hee Seo, Jung Yeon Shim, Ji Young Ahn, Yoon Young Jang, Hai Lee Chung, Eun Hee Chung, Kyunghoon Kim, Bong-Seong Kim, Cheol Hong Kim, Yang Park, Meeyong Shin, Kyung Suk Lee, Man Yong Han, Soo-Jong Hong, Eun Kyeong Kang, Chang Keun Kim; on behalf of The Pneumonia & Respiratory Disease Study Group of Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(3):134-141. Published online December 22, 2022

Crossref 1

Question: The clinical differences between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human coronaviruses (HCoV) in children remain unknown.
Finding: This study compared the clinical findings of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 versus HCoV. Its findings suggest that children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2 have a milder clinical course than those with HCoV.
Meaning: The clinical course of children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2 should be closely monitored during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00703

Review Article

Gastroenterology

Role of social media use in onset of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children

Mauro Cinquetti, Vanessa Dargenio, Michele Fingerle, Carolina Marchiotto, Marco Biasin, Massimo Pettoello Mantovani, Flavia Indrio

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(6):226-232. Published online December 21, 2022

Web of Science 3 Crossref 4

· Social media use can cause adverse health outcomes, including gastrointestinal disorders, in children and adolescents.
· Recent findings have shown a high prevalence of social media use and decreased well-being in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders.
· The biopsychosocial nature of functional gastrointestinal disorders and the clear influence of social media on the psychosocial lives of children suggests the likely involvement of social media in their development.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00843

Liver fibrosis in children: a comprehensive review of mechanisms, diagnosis, and therapy

Elif Ozdogan, Cigdem Arikan

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(3):110-124. Published online December 19, 2022

Web of Science 11 Crossref 13

· Chronic liver diseases in children are heterogenous but converge in the common pathway of fibrosis.
· Much of the literature on mechanisms of fibrogenesis focus on adults but pediatric physiology has documented differences.
· Understanding of these distinctions are necessary to define, treat, and prevent fibrosis.
· Current management of liver fibrosis relies heavily on liver biopsy. Multiple tools have shown high diagnostic performance in pediatric and adult populations. Large, multicenter studies are needed for validation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00367

Original Article

Neonatology (Perinatology)

A thickened formula reduces feeding-associated oxygen desaturation and bradycardia in preterm infants

Gayoung Lee, Juyoung Lee, Ga Won Jeon, Yong Hoon Jun

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(1):32-37. Published online December 15, 2022

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

Question: Is a commercial thickened formula able to alleviate oral feeding-associated desaturation and bradycardia in preterm infants?
Finding: Thickened formula feeding significantly reduced oral feeding-associated desaturation and bradycardia in preterm infants.
Meaning: Thickened formula feeding stabilizes oxygen saturation and heart rate during oral feeding among preterm infants with feeding difficulties.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00780

Editorial

Neurology

Lumbar puncture or not: when does febrile seizure require a neurodiagnostic evaluation?

Seung Soo Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(2):68-69. Published online December 9, 2022

· A neurodiagnostic evaluation (lumbar puncture, blood tests, electroencephalography, and neuroimaging) is not indicated in most patients with simple febrile seizures.
· A lumbar puncture is indicated when a central nervous system infection is suspected in any patient with febrile seizures.
· Blood tests (glucose, electrolytes, and complete blood count) are indicated in patients with persistent seizure after benzodiazepine treatment, prolonged loss of consciousness, poor general condition, or signs of dehydration.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01081

Pulmonology

Wheezing in infants and preschoolers: phenotypes and treatment options

Jung Yeon Shim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(1):26-27. Published online December 6, 2022

Web of Science 1

· Knowing who will develop into asthma or who will not is important to impose proper treatment and early intervention in a child with the first episode of wheezing.
· Phenotypes of severe bronchiolitis in less than 2-year-old children with first episode of wheezing were suggested for different treatment options
· RV-induced and/or atopy-associated severe wheezing in preschool children may benefit from early intervention of asthma treatment.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00619

Letter to the Editor

Critical Care Medicine

Role of serum bilirubin-to-albumin ratio as a prognostic index in critically ill children

You Min Kang, Ga Eun Kim, Mireu Park, Jong Deok Kim, Min Jung Kim, Yoon Hee Kim, Kyung Won Kim, Myung Hyun Son, Soo Yeon Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(2):85-87. Published online December 5, 2022

Crossref 1

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01207

Original Article

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Efficacy of body position on gastric residual in preterm infant: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Kurvatteppa Halemani, Alwin Issac, Sanjay Dhiraaj, Prabhaker Mishra

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(6):262-270. Published online November 30, 2022

Web of Science 5 Crossref 7

Breastfeeding and it's tolerance are the positive indicators for preterm babies. Placing the preterm infant in the right lateral or prone position after feed had lesser gastric residual volume compared to placing them in left lateral or supine positions. The post-feed position is a vital element in enhancing feeding tolerance, mechanical functions of the gastrointestinal tract and the overall development of preterm infants.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01508

Cited By 21	Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants
Cited By 19	Long COVID in children and adolescents: prevalence, clinical manifestations, and management strategies
Cited By 17	Association of gut microbiota with obesity in children and adolescents
Cited By 16	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance in children
Cited By 16	Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among parents of neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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