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Original Article
Gastroenterology
Differences in immune cells and gene expression in human milk by parity on integrated scRNA sequencing
Dae Yong Yi, Hong-Jai Park, Min Sun Shin, Hyoungsu Kim, Sang Jin Lee, Insoo Kang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(2):141-152.   Published online January 10, 2025
Question: Is there a difference in immune cells in human breast milk by parity?
Finding: There were higher proportions of monocytes and T/B cells in the primiparous and multiparous group, respectively. The expression of genes with a direct role in the infant immune system and immune response-related genes were highest in the primiparous group
Meaning: There were parity-dependent differences in the expression of genes between innate and adaptive immune cells.
Review Article
Other
Microplastic and human health with focus on pediatric well-being: a comprehensive review and call for future studies
Rogers Wainkwa Chia, Ntegang Venant Atem, Jin-Yong Lee, Jihye Cha
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):1-15.   Published online November 6, 2024
· Milk and formula are common sources of microplastic in infants.
· Water and air are the most common sources of microplastic pollution from infancy to adolescence.
· Microplastic use by children of all ages can cause cell damage and affect their health.
· Microplastics present in children can be quantified using a stereomicroscope and characterized using micro- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Original Article
Infection
Seroprevalence of maternal peripartum human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the Nigerian literature
Abdulrasheed Usman, Muhammad Hamis Musa, Bukhari Isah Shuaib, Olayemi Balogun, Mukhtar Adeiza
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(7):307-316.   Published online December 22, 2022
The peripartum period is an important transmission time for human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) infection, mainly via breastfeeding and partly through the placental tissues of carrier mothers. Although most HTLV-1–infected individuals are asymptomatic, fetal and childhood infections often result in several diseases with disappointing treatment outcomes. An estimated HTLV-1 burden in Nigeria among perinatal women must be determined to enable rational planning of a comprehensive health care intervention.
Review Article
Nutrition
Components of human breast milk: from macronutrient to microbiome and microRNA
Su Yeong Kim, Dae Yong Yi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(8):301-309.   Published online March 23, 2020
Human breast milk (HBM) is essential for the infant’s growth and development right after birth and is an irreplaceable source of nutrition for early human survival. Various infant formulas have many similarities to HBM in many components, but there is no perfect substitute for HBM. Recently, various breast milk components and their roles have been studied according to the development...
Original Article
Endocrinology
Comparison of effectiveness of growth hormone therapy according to disease-causing genes in children with Noonan syndrome
Kyo Jin Jo, Yoo Mi Kim, Ju Young Yoon, Yeoun Joo Lee, Young Mi Han, Han-Wook Yoo, Hyang-Sook Kim, Chong Kun Cheon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2019;62(7):274-280.   Published online December 3, 2018

Purpose: To analyze the growth response to growth hormone (GH) therapy in prepubertal patients with Noonan syndrome (NS) harboring different genetic mutations. Methods: Twenty-three patients with prepubertal NS treated at Pusan National University Children’s Hospital between March 2009 and July 2017 were enrolled. According to the disease-causing genes identified, the patients with NS were divided into 4 groups. Three groups were...
Review Article
Neurology
Enterovirus 71 infection and neurological complications
Kyung Yeon Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2016;59(10):395-401.   Published online October 17, 2016

Since the outbreak of the enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection in Malaysia in 1997, large epidemics of EV71 have occurred in the Asia-Pacific region. Many children and infants have died from serious neurological complications during these epidemics, and EV71 infection has become a serious public health problem in these areas. EV71 infection causes hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children,...

Original Article
Long-term outcome of patients with p22phox-deficient chronic granulomatous disease on Jeju Island, Korea
Hyun Sik Kang, Geol Hwang, Kyung-Sue Shin
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2015;58(4):129-135.   Published online April 22, 2015
Purpose

This study investigated the long-term clinical outcomes of patients with p22phox-deficient chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) on Jeju Island and retrospectively evaluated the effects of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) prophylaxis.

Methods

The medical records of 15 patients with CGD were retrospectively reviewed. The efficacy of IFN-γ prophylaxis was evaluated by comparing the frequency of severe infections before and after starting continuous prophylaxis with IFN-γ.

Results

At the...

Case Report
A case of mucolipidosis II presenting with prenatal skeletal dysplasia and severe secondary hyperparathyroidism at birth
Ju Sun Heo, Ka Young Choi, Se Hyoung Sohn, Curie Kim, Yoon Joo Kim, Seung Han Shin, Jae Myung Lee, Juyoung Lee, Jin A Sohn, Byung Chan Lim, Jin A Lee, Chang Won Choi, Ee-Kyung Kim, Han-Suk Kim, Beyong Il Kim, Jung-Hwan Choi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2012;55(11):438-444.   Published online November 23, 2012

Mucolipidosis II (ML II) or inclusion cell disease (I-cell disease) is a rarely occurring autosomal recessive lysosomal enzyme-targeting disease. This disease is usually found to occur in individuals aged between 6 and 12 months, with a clinical phenotype resembling that of Hurler syndrome and radiological findings resembling those of dysostosis multiplex. However, we encountered a rare case of an infant...

Original Article
LIN28B polymorphisms are associated with central precocious puberty and early puberty in girls
Sung Won Park, Seung-Tae Lee, Young Bae Sohn, Sung Yoon Cho, Se-Hwa Kim, Su Jin Kim, Chi Hwa Kim, Ah-Ra Ko, Kyung-Hoon Paik, Jong-Won Kim, Dong-Kyu Jin
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2012;55(10):388-392.   Published online October 29, 2012
Purpose

Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers within LIN28B have been reported to be related to the timing of pubertal growth. However, no study has investigated the frequency of genetic markers in girls with precocious puberty (PP) or early puberty (EP). This study aimed to determine the frequency of putative genetic markers in girls with PP or EP.

Methods

Genomic DNAs were obtained from 77...

Review Article
Epidemiology of astrovirus infection in children
Hye Sook Jeong, Ahyong Jeong, Doo-Sung Cheon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2012;55(3):77-82.   Published online March 16, 2012

Human astrovirus (HAstV) is a major cause of acute diarrhea among children, resulting in outbreaks of diarrhea and occasionally hospitalization. Improved surveillance and application of sensitive molecular diagnostics have further defined the impact of HAstV infections in children. These studies have shown that HAstV infections are clinically milder (diarrhea, vomiting, fever) than infections with other enteric agents. Among the 8...

Original Article
Clinical manifestations of CNS infections caused by enterovirus type 71
Cheol Soon Choi, Yun Jung Choi, Ui Yoon Choi, Ji Whan Han, Dae Chul Jeong, Hyun Hee Kim, Jong Hyun Kim, Jin Han Kang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2011;54(1):11-16.   Published online January 31, 2011
Purpose

Enterovirus 71, one of the enteroviruses that are responsible for both hand-foot-and-mouth disease and herpangina, can cause neural injury. During periods of endemic spread of hand-foot-andmouth disease caused by enterovirus 71, CNS infections are also frequently diagnosed and may lead to increased complications from neural injury, as well as death. We present the results of our epidemiologic research on the...

Enterovirus 71-associated hand, foot and mouth diseases with neurologic symptoms, a university hospital experience in Korea, 2009
Hye Kyung Cho, Na Yong Lee, Hyunju Lee, Hae Soon Kim, Jeong Wan Seo, Young Mi Hong, Seung Joo Lee, Sun Wha Lee, Doo Sung Cheon, Ji Young Hong, Byung Hak Kang, Jong-Hyun Kim, Kyung-Hyo Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2010;53(5):639-643.   Published online May 31, 2010
Purpose

Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness in children, which is usually mild and self-limiting. However, in recent epidemics of HFMD in Asia, enterovirus 71 (EV71) has been recognized as a causative agent with severe neurological symptoms with or without cardiopulmonary involvement. HFMD was epidemic in Korea in the spring of 2009. Severe cases with complications including death have...

A report on operating a nationwide human milk bank in Korea
Kang Hoon Song, Yoo Min Lee, Ji Young Chang, Eun Young Park, Sung Ae Park, Nam Kyu Cho, Chong-Woo Bae
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2010;53(4):488-494.   Published online April 15, 2010
Purpose : A human milk bank collects, processes, eliminates, and stores breast milk from donors and provides breast milk to those in need. The authors hereby present the experiences and the objective lessons obtained through operating a nationwide human milk bank over a period of 2 years. Methods : The characteristics of the donors and the recipients and the amounts of breast milk...
Review Article
Human rhinoviruses and asthma in children
Woo Kyung Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2010;53(2):129-135.   Published online February 15, 2010
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) is a nonenveloped, single stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Picornavirudae. Transmission by direct contact such as hand-to-hand, hand-to-nose, and hand-to-eye has been readily demonstrated in experimental settings. HRV are the most frequent causes of common cold infection, however, they are also known to replicate in the lower respiratory tract and associated with more severe respiratory...
Original Article
Effect of GnRH analogue on the bone mineral density of precocious or early pubertal girls
Jeong Sook Lim, Heon-Seok Han
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(12):1370-1376.   Published online December 15, 2009
Purpose : Treatment of precocity with gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) might theoretically exert a detrimental effect on the bone mass during pubertal development. We investigated the short-term changes in bone mineral density (BMD) during GnRHa treatment and the enhancement in the changes with the co-administration of GnRHa and human growth hormone (hGH). Methods : Forty girls with precocious or...
Association between Kawasaki disease and acute respiratory viral infections
Eun Young Cho, Byung Wook Eun, Nam Hee Kim, Jina Lee, Eun Hwa Choi, Hoan Jong Lee, Jung Yun Choi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(11):1241-1248.   Published online November 15, 2009
Purpose : The etiology of Kawasaki disease (KD) is still unknown. Recently, an association between human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) and KD was implicated. Hence, we attempted to determine the association between KD and acute respiratory viral infections. Methods : Nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were obtained from 54 patients diagnosed with KD at the Seoul National University (SNU) Children’s Hospital and SNU-Bundang Hospital...
Case Report
Familial systemic lupus erythematosus in two Korean male siblings
Hyun Sik Kang, Hyun Ju Oh, Young Ree Kim, Jae-Wang Kim, Kyung-Sue Shin
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(5):611-614.   Published online May 15, 2009
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystemic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of a wide range of autoantibodies, resulting in tissue damage. Although the susceptibility to SLE has been attributed to complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors, the influence of a genetic predisposition to SLE is supported by observations of familial aggregations. Family studies have found that siblings...
Original Article
Epidemiologic and clinical features in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection caused by human metapneumovirus in 2006-2007
Gwi Ok Park, Ji Hyun Kim, Jae Hee Lee, Jung Ju Lee, Sin Weon Yun, In Seok Lim, Dong Keun Lee, Eung Sang Choi, Byoung Hoon Yoo,, Mi Kyung Lee, Soo Ahn Chae
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(3):330-338.   Published online March 15, 2009
Purpose : The causes of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) are mostly attributable to viral infection, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), influenza virus A/B (IFV A/B), or adenovirus (ADV). Several Korean studies reported human metapneumovirus (hMPV) as a common pathogen of ALRTI. However, studies on seasonal distribution and clinical differences relative to other viruses are insufficient,...
Detection of HHV6 and EBV in histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis
Kyung Hee Park, Sung Shik Park, Ji Yeon Kim, Su Eun Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(9):987-991.   Published online September 15, 2008
Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD), also known as histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (HNL), is a self-limited disease characterized by cervical lymphadenopathy and fever. The etiology of KFD remains unknown; however, the self-limiting nature of HNL suggests the cause of this disease could be viral infection. For this reason, several viruses have been evaluated as possible etiologies of HNL, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human...
Transforming growth factor-β promoted vascular endothelial growth factor release by human lung fibroblasts
Sang Uk Park, Joo Hwa Shin, Jae Won Shim, Deok Soo Kim, Hye Lim Jung, Moon Soo Park, Jung Yeon Shim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(8):879-885.   Published online August 15, 2008
Purpose : The human lung fibroblast may act as an immunomodulatory cell by providing pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which are important in airway remodeling. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces mucosal edema and angiogenesis. Thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC) induces selective migration of T helper 2 cells. We investigated whether human lung fibroblasts produced VEGF and TARC, and the...
Growth and clinical efficacy of fortified human milk and premature formula on very low birth weight infants
Heewon Chueh, Myo Jing Kim, Young-A Lee, Jin-A Jung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(7):704-712.   Published online July 15, 2008
Purpose : A prospective, controlled trial was conducted to evaluate growth, efficacy, safety and nutritional status for very low birth weight infants fed with human milk fortified with Maeil human milk fortifier (Maeil HMF ; Maeil Dairies Co., Ltd.). Methods : We enrolled 45 premature infants with a birth weight <1,500 g and gestational age <33 weeks, who were born at...
Case Report
A case of idiopathic renal hypouricemia
Moon Hee Han, Sang Uk Park, Deok-Soo Kim, Jae Won Shim, Jung Yeon Shim, Hye Lym Jung, Moon Soo Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(5):489-492.   Published online May 15, 2007
Idiopathic renal hypouricemia is a disorder characterized by impaired urate handling in the renal tubules. This disease usually produces no symptoms, but hematuria, uric acid nephrolithiasis or acute renal failure may develop. A defect in the SLC22A12 gene, which encodes the human urate transporter, is the known major cause of this disorder. We describe a 10-month-old boy with idiopathic renal...
Original Article
Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis in children : association of human herpes virus 8 and Epstein Barr virus
Hyun A Kim, Ju-Young Chung, Sang Woo Kim, Sung Jig Lim, Haeng Seop Shin
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(8):875-881.   Published online August 15, 2006
Purpose : The aims of this study were to analyze the clinical characteristics of children with Kikuchi's disease(KD) at a medical center and to investigate the etiologic role of human herpesvirus 8(HHV 8) or Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) in children with KD. Methods : Twenty six children who were diagnosed as KD between Jan. 1998 and Dec. 2005 were included....
Review Article
Current use of growth hormone in children
Choong Ho Shin
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(7):703-709.   Published online July 15, 2006
Since the advent of growth hormone(GH), children with a wide variety of growth disorders have received GH treatment. In GH deficiency(GHD), Turner syndrome, chronic renal failure, children born small for gestational age, Prader-Willi syndrome, and idiopathic short stature, the therapeutic effects and safety profile of GH are reviewed. GH therapy has been clearly shown to improve height velocity and final...
Original Article
The Effects of Intravenous Immunoglobulin(IVIG) and Methylprednisolone on the mRNAs Expressions of VEGF, VCAM-1 and IL-1β of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells(HUVEC) Stimulated by IL-1β
Soh Yeon Kim, Sun Jeong Lim, Ji Whan Han, Kyung Yil Lee, Joon Sung Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(12):1325-1333.   Published online December 15, 2004
Purpose : Kawasaki disease(KD) manifests a systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology in young children. Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1) and interleukin-1 beta(IL-1β) may play important roles in the pathogenesis of KD. Intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIG) and methylprednisolone(MP) are therapeutically effective for KD, however, the precise mechanisms of the two drugs are still unknown. We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of...
Medical Lecture Course
Impact of Host Genetics on Susceptibility and Outcome of Viral Infections
Eun Hwa Choi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(8):815-820.   Published online August 15, 2004
The generation of a draft sequence of the human genome has lead to an opportunity to characterize human diversity, including the differences in host response to numerous pathogens. Host responses upon exposure to a pathogen can determine the wide spectrum of illness from subclinical or mild to severe diseases. Host factors, particularly genetic backgrounds, influence the pathogenesis of infectious diseases....
Case Report
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Associated with Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Ko Un Chun, Soo Yun, Byung Ho Cha, Hae Yong Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(7):803-806.   Published online July 15, 2004
Bronchiolitis Obliterans(BO) is one of the rare inflammatory lung disease that primarily affects bronchi and bronchioles, followed by partial or complete obstruction. In children, the etiology of BO has been under consideration, but infections and toxic inhalation, connective tissue diseases, lung transplantation, congestive pulmonary edema, etc., may be causes of BO. Even though steroid therapy was reported as an effective...
Original Article
The Relationship between Human Neutrophil Elastase and Coronary Arterial Dilatation in Kawasaki Disease
Jun Yong Shim, Hee Won Choi, Ja Hyun Hong, Jong Kyun Lee, Hae Yong Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2003;46(9):903-908.   Published online September 15, 2003
Purpose : Kawasaki disease is notorious for coronary arterial complication which is usually developed as a febrile disease in early childhood. Increased polymorphonucleus(PMN) cell levels in acute phases may be associated with the pathophysiology of Kawasaki disease. We studied the relationship between coronary arterial dilatation and elastase activity which was excreted from PMN cell and roles as an important factor...
Immunocytochemical Study for Lactalbumin in Alveolar Macrophage of Human Milk Aspirated Mouse
Byoung Kil Han, Young Hun Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2003;46(6):536-540.   Published online June 15, 2003
Purpose : Aspiration of foreign material into the lungs can cause acute or chronic pulmonary diseases. It is difficult to detect small amounts of aspiration due to the lack of safe, sensitive and specific diagnostic tests. Recently, in animal or human studies, it has been reported that immunochemistry for lactalbumin can be used to detect the minimal aspiration. So, the...
Repetition of Apoptosis Induced by Amiloride Derivatives in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
Kyu Chang Park, Kyu Sang Park, Soo Jee Moon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2003;46(1):56-66.   Published online January 15, 2003
Purpose : Human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs) play an important role in regulating blood flow by releasing vasoactive substances. It has been reported that endothelial impairment and dysfunction might be a primary cause of placental vascular disease, which is manifested clinically as preeclampsia in mother and intrauterine growth restriction in fetus. Furthermore, the frequency of apoptotic changes is increased in...
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