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Original Article
Neurology
Establishing an induced pluripotent stem cell bank using urine cells from pediatric patients with neurogenetic diseases
Hien Bao Dieu Thai, WonWoo Jung, Sol Choi, Woo Joong Kim, JangSup Moon, ByungChan Lim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(8):569-577.   Published online April 1, 2025
Question: What can be used to create a reliable supply of somatic cells for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generation and standardize procedures for building an iPSC bank for researching pediatric neurogenetic disorders?
Findings: Noninvasively acquired urine cells are a desirable cell source for iPSC reprogramming.
Meaning: An iPSC bank can be created from diverse patient cell sources and offer a useful resource for translating research results into clinical therapy for pediatric neurogenetic disorders.
Review Article
Other
Myopia: a review of current concepts, association with nonophthalmological conditions, and treatment strategy in children and adolescents
Yeon Woong Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(8):554-565.   Published online April 1, 2025
Myopia is a major ophthalmological disorder with increasing prevalence worldwide, particularly in East Asia. Evidence indicates that its development involves complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Body stature, sleep patterns, and nutritional status significantly influence the progression of myopia during childhood and adolescence. Its treatment and prevention strategies include optical correction, atropine therapy, increased outdoor activity, decreased near work, and regular retinal monitoring.
Original Article
Neonatology (Perinatology)
Incidence of neural tube defects in tertiary care university hospital in Bangladesh
Ismat Jahan, Arif Hossain, Shah Nizam Uddin Shaon, Sadeka Choudhury Moni, Mohammad Kamrul Hassan Shabuj, Sanjoy Kumer Dey, Mohammad Abdul Mannan, Mohammod Shahidullah
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(7):530-538.   Published online April 1, 2025
Question: What is the burden of neural tube defects (NTDs) in a tertiary care neonatal intensive care unit in Bangladesh?
Finding: The overall incidence of NTD was 6.4 (range, 4.59–11.2) per 1,000 live births, and the meningomyelocele complex was the most frequent location.
Meaning: The high incidence of NTD found in a leading tertiary care multidisciplinary referral hospital in Bangladesh may not reflect that of the wider population.
Pulmonology
Clinical course of children with postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans with versus without comorbid bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Lamia Medghoul, Julien Grosjean, Christophe Marguet, Hortense Petat
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(7):497-502.   Published online April 1, 2025
Question: Postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) is a chronic respiratory disease that typically develops in children after a severe respiratory infection. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is often comorbid in patients with PIBO.
Finding: Corticosteroid pulse therapy effectively manages PIBO with or without comorbid BPD, significantly reducing exacerbations and decreasing the daily requirement for inhaled corticosteroids.
Meaning: Therapeutic effects of corticosteroid pulses are rapid and sustained over time, in both groups.
Review Article
Immunology
NLRP3 inflammasome: a key player in neonatal brain injury
Cagla Kiser, Ilkcan Ercan, Defne Engur, Sermin Genc
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(7):475-485.   Published online April 1, 2025
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is the major cause of neonatal brain injury. NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome activation leads to neuroinflammation, which significantly affects newborn mortality. The establishment of preventive and therapeutic strategies against brain damage requires a thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation and inflammasome activation in the neonatal brain.
Original Article
Role of miRNA-146a and miRNA-125b in Helicobacter pylori
Nashwa Mohamed, Ola Behairy, Manal EL-Defrawy, Mona Elsayed, Naglaa Alhusseini
Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a common gastrointestinal pathogen associated with gastritis and peptic ulcers. The early detection of H. pylori–related gastritis is crucial to its effective management, especially in pediatric patients with dyspepsia.
Purpose: This study aimed to assess the expression of miRNA-146a and miRNA-125b as potential indicators of H. pylori–associated gastritis in children. Methods: This cross-sectional study...
Association between macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene and growth differentiation factor 15 gene polymorphisms and circulating levels with respiratory distress syndrome among preterm neonates
Ali Helmi Bakri, Mohammed H. Hassan, Khaled Abdalla Abd-Elbaseer, Mahmoud Abo -Alhassan Sayed, Ahmed Alamir Mahmoud Abdallah, Eman Ahmed Abd-Elmawgood
Background: In preterm newborns, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is among the main causes of respiratory failure and mortality. However, the effect of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) on neonatal developmental lung disease is not well documented in the literature. Moreover, little is known about the effects of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) on lung maturity in preterm infants.
Purpose: To evaluate...
Original Article - Clinical trial
Effect of vitamin C supplement in treatment of childhood pneumonia requiring hospitalization: A randomized controlled trial
Chutima Phuaksaman, Katechan Jampachaisri, Klaita Srisingh
Background: The role of vitamin C in children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children is controversial; moreover, a standard dose is lacking.
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the ability of vitamin C to reduce symptom severity and length of hospital stay among children with CAP as well as determine its optimal dose. Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial...
Original Article
Hematology
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric patients with type VI mucopolysaccharidosis
Vedat Uygun, Koray Yalçın, Hayriye Daloğlu, Seda Öztürkmen, Suna Çelen, Suleimen Zhumatayev, Gülsün Karasu, Akif Yeşilipek
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(8):601-607.   Published online March 11, 2025
Question: Could hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) be an alternative to enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for type VI mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS VI)?
Finding: HSCT is generally not offered due to reports of high toxicity and mortality. However, we detected fewer complications and graft-versus-host disease cases and no deaths with HSCT.
Meaning: HSCT is both less expensive than ERT and permanent; thus, it should be considered an alternative treatment for MPS VI.
Gastroenterology
Efficacy and safety of carbon dioxide versus room-air insufflation in pediatric colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial
Ajay Aravind, Ujjal Poddar, Anshu Srivastava, Moinak Sen Sarma
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(8):594-600.   Published online March 11, 2025
CO2 insufflation has been used instead of air insufflation to reduce postprocedure pain and discomfort in adults; however, adequately powered studies in children are scarce. This randomized controlled trial of 200 children showed that CO2 insufflation reduces postprocedure pain and discomfort during pediatric colonoscopy with no signs of CO2 retention. CO2 insufflation is safe and causes less pain in children.
Somatic symptom severity during acute illnesses among children with functional gastrointestinal disorders
Rattanachart Sirinil, Anundorn Wongteerasut
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(8):587-593.   Published online March 11, 2025
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are associated with various somatic symptoms measured using a visual analogue scale and the Children’s Somatic Symptoms Inventory-24 questionnaire. Children with FGIDs exhibited more significant somatic symptoms than controls during acute illnesses. Gastrointestinal (GI) and non-GI manifestations are significantly more common in children with FGIDs.
Letter to the Editor
General Pediatrics
Debate around and impact of digital screen time and media parenting on children’s development
Gowda Parameshwara Prashanth
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(7):551-553.   Published online March 11, 2025
Original Article
Pulmonology
Nonlinear association between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and asthma in children and adolescents in the United States: a cross-sectional study
Chuhan Cheng, Liyan Zhang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(7):489-496.   Published online March 11, 2025
Question: Is there a nonlinear relationship between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and asthma in children and adolescents?
Finding: NLR showed a nonlinear association with asthma, with an NLR threshold of 2.23 identifying individuals at higher risk.
Meaning: An NLR<2.23 may serve as a potential biomarker for asthma risk assessment and management in pediatric populations, thereby offering a simple tool for the early identification of at-risk individuals.
Clinical Note
General Pediatrics
Aplasia cutis congenita with unique vascular malformation and cranial hypoplasia: a case in a preterm infant
Yasufumi Sakata, Natsumi Fujii, Sadahiro Nomura, Yoshihiro Azuma, Hiroki Hamano, Hidenobu Kaneyasu, Seigo Okada, Kazumasa Takahashi, Shunji Hasegawa
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(6):472-474.   Published online March 11, 2025
Review Article
Endocrinology
Impact of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation on growth outcomes in mucopolysaccharidosis: a systematic review
Farzaneh Abbasi, Asal Khalili Dehkordi, Reihaneh Mohsenipour
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(6):417-427.   Published online March 11, 2025
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) enhances the growth outcomes of pediatric patients with mucopolysaccharidosis, with early intervention leading to improved height, weight, and body mass index. However, achieving a standard adult height remains uncommon among these patients, even in cases of early HSCT. Growth hormone therapy provides short-term benefits but does not address long-term height deficits. Pubertal development is generally normal; however, precocious puberty and pubertal arrest may occur.
Clinical Note
Gastroenterology
Abdominal pain in a young girl: a twist in the tale
Upasana Ghosh, Ankit Agrawal, Umesh Shukla, Vikas Jain, Deeksha Bhalla
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(5):395-397.   Published online March 11, 2025
· Chronic abdominal pain caused by a gastric trichobezoar is extremely rare among children.
· An indentable epigastric mass is characteristic and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is diagnostic of a gastric trichobezoar.
· Symptomatic large trichobezoars usually require surgery.
· Neuropsychiatric disorders are often associated with gastric trichobezoar, making a psychiatric evaluation of paramount importance.
Original Article
Critical Care Medicine
Serum amyloid A and proadrenomedullin as early markers in critically ill children with sepsis
Nagwan Y. Saleh, Wafaa M. Abo El Fotoh, Mona S. Habib, Salem E. Deraz
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(8):578-586.   Published online February 26, 2025
Question: Are serum amyloid A (SAA) and proadrenomedullin (proADM) levels early markers in critically ill children with sepsis?
Finding: This prospective case-control study included 65 critically ill children with sepsis admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit and 31 controls. SAA and proADM levels were significantly higher in patients versus controls.
Meaning: SAA and proADM are promising biomarkers for diagnosing and predicting outcomes in pediatric sepsis.
Neonatology (Perinatology)
Evaluation of total serum bilirubin thresholds for discontinuing phototherapy in jaundiced neonates: a randomized study
Ajay Kumar, Nidhi Jain
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(7):539-545.   Published online February 26, 2025
Question: What are the outcomes of jaundiced neonates when phototherapy is discontinued at 2 different total serum bilirubin (TSB) thresholds?
Findings: The study involved 80 neonates, comparing a recommended TSB threshold and a lower threshold for phototherapy discontinuation. Results showed a 14.3% reinstitution rate of treatment, with no adverse outcomes.
Meaning: Careful posttreatment monitoring is essential when discontinuing phototherapy, and future research should consider updated guidelines like those from the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Genetics and Metabolism
Role of microRNA-498 and microRNA-410 in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
Eman Salah Eldeen Arafat, Hasnaa Hesham Abotaleb, Dina Abdel Razek Midan, Abdel Hamid Abdo Ismail, Zeinab Sabri Abouzouna
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(7):512-521.   Published online February 26, 2025
Question: Is it role of microRNA-410 (miRNA-410) and microRNA-498 (miRNA-498) in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)?
Findings: miRNA-498 and miRNA-410 can be auxiliary diagnostic and prognostic tools for neonatal HIE.
Meaning: we can use miRNA-498 and miRNA-410 as markers and indicator for HIE.
Neonatology (Perinatology)
Characterization of gut microbiota in very low birth weight infants with versus without bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Anucha Thatrimontrichai, Manapat Praditaukrit, Gunlawadee Maneenil, Supaporn Dissaneevate, Kamonnut Singkhamanan, Komwit Surachat
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(7):503-511.   Published online February 26, 2025
Question: Does the gut microbiota differ between very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with versus without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)?
Finding: Common respiratory pathogens were notably elevated in the BPD group, whereas anaerobic and butyrate-producing taxa, key components of postbiotics, were dominant in the non-BPD group.
Meaning: In gut-lung communication, the interplay between the intestinal and respiratory systems may implicate pro- and postbiotics in VLBW infants with BPD.
Review Article
Critical Care Medicine
Protocolized sedation may reduce ventilation and sedation requirements in the pediatric intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ambrus Szemere, Alíz Fazekas, Anna Réka Sebestyén, Rani Ezzeddine, Veronika Upor, Marie Anne Engh, Péter Hegyi, Zsolt Molnár, Klára Horváth
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(6):406-416.   Published online February 19, 2025
Protocolized sedation may reduce ventilation requirements, pediatric intensive care unit length of stay, and sedative exposure. However, it may increase the likelihood of unplanned extubation, highlighting the importance of incorporating preventive measures to mitigate this risk.
Nutrition
The Korea Infant Physical Growth Examination Survey (KIPGroS): a study protocol
Jong Woo Hahn, MinSoo Shin, Jin Gyu Lim, Yoon-Joo Kim, Ki Soo Kang, Narae Lee, Seong Hee Jeong, Mun Hui Jeong, Yeoun Joo Lee, Eui Kyung Choi, Jung Ok Shim, Jee Yoon Park, Chan-Wook Park, Joo Young Kim, Su Jin Jeong, Young Hwa Jung, Jaehyun Kim, Chang Won Choi, Ju Whi Kim, Seung Han Shin, Yun Jeong Lee, Young Ah Lee, Choong-Ho Shin, Seung-sik Hwang, Young Eun Kim, Youn Ha Kang, Kyungwon Oh, Sungha Yun, Jae Sung Ko, Jin Soo Moon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(5):352-358.   Published online February 13, 2025
The suitability of World Health Organization (WHO) growth charts for assessing the growth of children under 3 years of age in all countries remains controversial, and their applicability must be evaluated based on country-specific growth data. The Korea Infant Physical Growth Examination Survey evaluated the suitability of WHO growth charts to contribute to the next revision of growth charts in Korea.
Original Article
Nephrology (Genitourinary)
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among parents of children with systemic lupus erythematosus
Karnchanit Sausukpaiboon, Nuanpan Penboon, Pornpimol Rianthavorn
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(6):454-462.   Published online February 3, 2025
Question: What is the acceptance rate for coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination among parents of children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Finding: One-third of parents were hesitant to vaccinate their child. Parental willingness to vaccinate themselves, older patient age, and belief in the vaccine's potency were associated with vaccine acceptance.
Meaning: These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to improve vaccine acceptance among parents of children with SLE.
Hematology
Impact of Xmn1 polymorphism on hydroxyurea therapy in children with HbE-β non-transfusion dependent thalassemia: a cohort study
Saheli Roy, Paramita Bhattacharya, Atanu Kumar Dutta, Mrinal Kanti Das
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(6):437-444.   Published online February 3, 2025
Question: Does the T allele of Xmn1 polymorphism favorably influence hydroxyurea efficacy in children of Eastern descent with fetal hemoglobin (HbE)-β nontransfusion dependent thalassemia (NTDT)?
Finding: Decrease in transfusion requirement and increase in height following hydroxyurea therapy was noted in both groups, however, change in CT was more critical than that in CC genotype.
Meaning: T allele of Xmn1 polymorphism favorably influences hydroxyurea efficacy in children with HbE-β NTDT.
Review Article
Allergy
Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin levels can predict allergic disease development and atopic march in children
Zak Callaway, Chang-Keun Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(6):398-405.   Published online February 3, 2025
· Allergic march occurs in a subset of children, beginning with atopic dermatitis and progressing to food allergies, allergic rhinitis, and/or asthma. Its early diagnosis is important to slowing its progression.
· Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), an excellent biomarker of eosinophil activity, is often elevated in allergic diseases.
· EDN levels have been used to predict allergic disease development and diagnose, treat, and monitor allergic diseases.
Original Article
Nutrition
Differential effects of dietary and physical activity interventions on adiposity of children with obesity
Anekchoke Tangtongsoong, Chonnikant Visuthranukul, Yuda Chongpison, Sirinuch Chomtho
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(5):370-378.   Published online February 3, 2025
Question: How do dietary intake and physical activity affect body mass index (BMI) z scores and adiposity among children with obesity?
Finding: Higher dietary protein and fiber intakes were significantly associated with a decrease in BMI z scores and adiposity among children with obesity.
Meaning: Optimizing dietary interventions by focusing on protein and fiber intakes could be an effective strategy for managing childhood obesity.
Perspective
Other
Telemedicine in pediatrics: things to consider
Sandhya J. Kadam, Archana Reddy Bongurala
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(4):326-328.   Published online February 3, 2025
This article highlights the benefits, challenges, and current significance of telemedicine. Future research is needed, primarily to address the challenges of optimizing the implementation of telehealth. To use telemedicine effectively and efficiently for the timely diagnosis and management of patients, an evaluation of current telemedicine practice is needed. Analysis of shortcomings and advantages can help enhance healthcare delivery to pediatric patients, making it more accessible for future use.
Original Article
Oncology
Prognostic role of mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin in predicting infection in pediatric cancer with febrile neutropenia
Seham M. Ragab, Sara Mahmoud El-Deeb, Ahmed Saeed, Asmaa A. Mahmoud
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(6):445-453.   Published online January 13, 2025
· Infection remains a leading cause of death in febrile neutropenia (FN).
· Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-ProADM) levels are higher among patients with FN and a bacterial infection.
· A longer FN duration and hospital stay length as well as elevated C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and MR-ProADM levels are significant risk factors for mortality.
Editorial
Neurology
Screen time and neurodevelopment in preschoolers: addressing a growing concern in pediatric practice
Soongang Park, Hyewon Woo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(6):434-436.   Published online January 13, 2025
· Excessive screen time in preschoolers is associated with neurodevelopmental delays, particularly during the early years of life.
· Parental supervision and national guidelines are critical in mitigating the negative impacts of excessive screen time and fostering healthy media habits in preschoolers.
Review Article
Other
Peripheral nerve sheath tumors in the head and neck in patients with APC gene deletion mutations: a case report and scoping review of the literature
Koral M. Blunt, Monirah Albathi, Miriam Conces, Tendy Chiang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(6):428-433.   Published online January 13, 2025
In this report, we describe our experience with a patient with an APC-related genetic syndrome who presented with a rare palatal lesion with characteristics of a schwannoma. We discuss the role of immunohistochemical staining in discerning the differential diagnosis.
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