Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

Original Article

Nonlinear association between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and asthma in children and adolescents in the USA: a cross-sectional study

Chuhan Cheng, Liyan Zhang

Background: The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a marker of systemic inflammation associated with various diseases including respiratory conditions. However, the relationship between NLR and asthma in the pediatric population remains underexplored.
Purpose: This study aimed to explore the association between NLR and asthma in children and adolescents and assess its potential role as a predictive biomarker for pediatric asthma. Methods: We...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.01844 [Accepted]

PDF

Endocrinology

Prednisolone impairs trabecular bone score changes in adolescents with 21-hydroxylase deficiency

Pattara Wiromrat, Yutapong Raruenrom, Phanpaphorn Namphaisan, Nantaporn Wongsurawat, Ouyporn Panamonta, Chatlert Pongchaiyakul

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(3):238-246. Published online November 13, 2024

Crossref 1

Question: What is the prevalence of an impaired trabecular bone score (TBS), a measure of bone microarchitecture, in adolescents with 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD)? Do prednisolone and hydrocortisone affect TBS differently in this patient population?
Finding: Impaired TBS was observed in 18% of participants. Prednisolone use negatively impacted TBS change.
Meaning: Impaired TBS is prevalent among adolescents with 21OHD. Prednisolone impairs trabecular bone microarchitecture development.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.01060

Neurology

Evaluation of pediatric migraine triggers: a single-center study

Hey-Joon Son, Joo-Ok Jin, Kon-Hee Lee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(2):163-169. Published online November 11, 2024

Question: What are the primary triggers for pediatric migraines, and how do they impact clinical management?
Finding: Common triggers for pediatric migraines include sleep disturbances, academic stress, and motion sickness, with academic stress identified as the most intense.
Meaning: Recognizing and addressing specific triggers like sleep disturbance and academic stress is crucial to effectively managing pediatric migraines with emphasis on personalized care to improve outcomes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00738

Review Article

Other

Global trends in importance of 24-hour movement behaviors to pediatric health: implications for South Korea

Eun-Young Lee, Reyana Jayawardena, Seiyeong Park, Justin Y Jeon, Yeon-Soo Kim, Mark S. Tremblay

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):16-29. Published online November 11, 2024

· The 24-hour movement behavior paradigm provides an important framework for future pediatric health promotion efforts.
· Policy priorities should include advancing surveillance and monitoring assessments related to 24-hour movement behaviors, evaluating their implementation in school and government policies, and building preparedness for future pandemics and natural disasters, including climate change, by promoting healthy 24-hour movement behaviors.
· Future research should advocate for the promotion of 24- hour movement behaviors.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00178

Adolescence Medicine

Ji-Hyun Seo, Sochung Chung

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(12):664-671. Published online October 31, 2024

· Diet behaviors in children and adolescents are influenced by environmental and sociocultural factors.
· Unhealthy diet behaviors and poor diet quality are the main contributing factors to noncommunicable diseases and mental health problems during childhood and adolescence.
· Smoking and alcohol drinking in children and adolescents may be associated with unhealthy diet behavior or poor diet quality.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01634

Original Article

Nutrition

Energy drink consumption among Korean adolescents: prevalence and associated factors

Jee-Seon Shim, Jeong Mi Lee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(10):531-539. Published online September 24, 2024

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

Question: How prevalent is energy drink consumption among Korean adolescents and what are the associated factors?
Findings: The prevalence of energy drink consumption among Korean adolescents increased from 3.2% in 2014 to 12.2% in 2019. Energy drink consumption varies according to sociode-mographic and individual factors.
Meaning: Policies and educational strategies are needed to reduce energy drink consumption in adolescents.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00171

Cardiology

Comparative analysis of adolescent hypertension definitions for predicting early adulthood carotid artery intima-media thickness: Tehran lipid and glucose study

Maryam Barzin, Shirin Yaghoobpoor, Maryam Mahdavi, Behnaz Abiri, Majid Valizadeh, Fereidoun Azizi, Pooneh Dehghan, Farhad Hosseinpanah

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(12):694-703. Published online September 12, 2024

Crossref 1

Question: What is the prevalence of HTN among adolescents enrolled in the TLGS according to 3 different accepted definitions (4th report, ESH, and AAP-CPG). Also, what is the ability of each of these definitions in predicting early adulthood CIMT, as a surrogate for cardiovascular disease events?
Finding: The highest and lowest prevalence of stage 1 HTN was observed with the AAP-CPG (17.7%) and ESH (8.8%), respectively. Similarly, the highest and lowest prevalence of stage 2 HTN was noted with the AAP-CPG (1.5%) and ESH (0.8%), respectively. The highest to lowest predictive abilities belonged to the 4th report, ESH, and AAP-CPG, respectively.
Meaning: Among the various definitions of pediatric HTN, the 4th report offered the best ability to predict a high CIMT during early adulthood, followed by the ESH and AAP-CPG.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00248

General Pediatrics

Role of proper postnatal care in continued exclusive breastfeeding among young Indonesian mothers

Wahyu Triadmajani, Shinta Prawitasari, Abdul Wahab

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(12):686-693. Published online September 12, 2024

Question: Is proper postnatal care (PNC) associated with exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) practice among young Indonesian mothers?
Finding: Proper PNC elevates the likelihood of EBF among Indonesian adolescent mothers aged 15–19 years.
Meaning: Breastfeeding services should be provided during the early postnatal period to support EBF practice among adolescent mothers. High-quality PNC is a tailored intervention for vulnerable populations.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00815

Review Article

Pulmonology

Evidence-based management guidelines for noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in children and adolescents

Eun Lee, Kyunghoon Kim, You Hoon Jeon, In Suk Sol, Jong Deok Kim, Taek Ki Min, Yoon Ha Hwang, Hyun-Ju Cho, Dong In Suh, Hwan Soo Kim, Yoon Hee Kim, Sung-Il Woo, Yong Ju Lee, Sungsu Jung, Hyeon-Jong Yang, Gwang Cheon Jang

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(9):418-426. Published online January 23, 2024

· We suggest offering long-term macrolides to children with noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis with frequent exacerbations (conditional recommendation, moderate quality of evidence).
· We do not recommend the routine use of mucolytic agents, inhaled corticosteroids, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to prevent exacerbation of bronchiectasis in children (inconclusive, very low quality of evidence).
· We recommend the use of nebulized hypertonic saline to prevent exacerbations and improve the lung function of children with noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (weak recommendation, moderate quality of evidence).

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00871

Original Article

Cardiology

Effect of face mask on pulmonary artery pressure during echocardiography in children and adolescents

Alireza Ahmadi, Mohammad Reza Sabri, Zohreh Sadat Navabi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(3):161-167. Published online January 23, 2024

Question: Can face masks alter pulmonary pressure in children and adolescents with and without congenital heart disease?
Findings: Mask removal during echocardiography (ECHO) reduced pulmonary pressure.
Meaning: These findings suggest that face masks should be removed during ECHO in children and adolescents.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01172

Review Article

Nutrition

Macronutrients modified dietary intervention in the management of overweight/obese children and adolescents: a systematic review

Jihyun Park, Oh Yoen Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(4):191-200. Published online July 11, 2023

· Dietary macronutrient modifications affect the body composition of and metabolic markers in children and adolescents.
· Hypocaloric diets, regardless of macronutrient composition, are reportedly effective for weight loss in obese children.
· Future interventional studies with meta-analyses that include Korean children and adolescents are needed to provide basic information applicable to this population.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00262

Original Article

Gastroenterology

Relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hyperandrogenemia in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome

Ozlem Kara, Hanife Aysegul Arsoy, Murat Keskin

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(9):395-402. Published online June 14, 2023

Web of Science 5 Crossref 4

Question: Is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) a risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adolescents?
Finding: The frequency of NAFLD did not increase in adolescents with PCOS. However, hyperandrogenemia was a risk factor for NAFLD.
Meaning: Adolescents with PCOS and hyperandrogenemia should be closely monitored for hepatic steatosis.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00353

Review Article

Infection

COVID-19 in immunocompromised children and adolescents

Byung Ok Kwak, Byung Wook Eun

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(5):182-189. Published online April 18, 2023

Web of Science 8 Crossref 10

Most immunocompromised children and adolescents are not at increased risk of developing severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 outcomes for low- or medium-risk immunocompromised children are favorable, while more serious illness reportedly occurs in high-risk immunocompromised children by underlying disease, its treatments, and other factors. Therefore, the early detection and timely management of severe COVID-19 and treatment of underlying disease are important. Hospitalization and COVID-19 vaccination should be carefully considered.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00878

Nutrition

Total energy expenditure measured by doubly labeled water method in children and adolescents: a systematic review

Nahyun Kim, Jonghoon Park

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(2):54-65. Published online October 17, 2022

Web of Science 2 Crossref 3

This systematic review summarizes convincing evidence that total energy expenditure (TEE) measured using the doubly labeled water technique increased with age from 1 to 18 years, while fat-free mass (FFM) increased with growth. TEE and in normal-weight participants, while physical activity level did not differ from that of normal-weight participants.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00472

Infection

Therapeutics for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 in children and adolescents

Soo-Han Choi, Jae Hong Choi, Ki Wook Yun

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(8):377-386. Published online June 27, 2022

Web of Science 5 Crossref 5

· Children and adolescents with high risks for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) should be identified and proper treatment should be provided promptly according to the patient’s condition.
· Remdesivir can be considered for pediatric patients of all ages with COVID-19 who have an emergent or increase in supplemental oxygen.
· The use of corticosteroids is not recommended for patients with nonsevere COVID-19. Corticosteroids are recommended in children and adolescents with severe and critical COVID-19.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00458

Original Article

Developmental and Behavioral Medicine

Effectiveness of obesity interventions among South Korean children and adolescents and importance of the type of intervention component: a meta-analysis

Siyoung Choe, Jaesin Sa, Jean-Philippe Chaput, Deokjin Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(2):98-107. Published online November 23, 2021

Question: What is the overall effect of obesity interventions among Korean children and what affects their effectiveness?
Finding: Interventions were strongly favored over controls. Interventions including at least one physical activity component were significantly better than those that did not. Sex, age, baseline weight category, intervention duration, and the number of intervention components were not significant.
Meaning: Future obesity interventions for Korean children must seek to include physical activity components.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00409

Emergency Medicine

Nonfatal injuries in Korean children and adolescents, 2007–2018

Gyu Min Yeon, Yoo Rha Hong, Seom Gim Kong

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(4):194-200. Published online September 9, 2021

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

Question: How many children and adolescents have experienced nonfatal injuries in the previous year?
Finding: Among Korean children and adolescents, 8.1% experienced at least one injury per year. We found no significant change in the incidence of injuries over the previous 12 years.
Meaning: The incidence of injuries is higher than this estimation; therefore, more attention and effort are needed to prevent injuries among children and adolescents.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00563

Review Article

Endocrinology

Endocrine comorbidities of pediatric obesity

Jieun Lee, Jae Hyun Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(12):619-627. Published online August 26, 2021

Web of Science 15 Crossref 17

∙ Pediatric obesity can involve endocrine comorbidities such as prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, and central precocious puberty.
∙ Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in youth aged 10–19 years had a prevalence of 25.9% and 0.6% in 2013–2014, respectively.
∙ Dyslipidemia in Korean adolescents aged 10–18 years had a prevalence of 7.64% (total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL), 6.09% (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥130 mg/dL), 8.69% (triglyceride ≥150 mg/dL), and 12.52% (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≤40 mg/dL) in 2007–2018.
∙ Metabolic syndrome in Korean youth has a prevalence of 1.9%–14.7% in males and 1.7%–12.6% in females with wide variation in definitions.
∙ Appropriate comorbidity screening and management and/or specialist referral are necessary for obese children and adolescents.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00213

Nutrition

Dietary intake and nutritional status of Korean children and adolescents: a review of national survey data

Minji Kang, So Yoon Choi, Minyoung Jung

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(9):443-458. Published online December 28, 2020

Web of Science 7 Crossref 6

In Korea, several national cross-sectional surveys monitor the diet, nutritional status, and health status of children. This continual dedicated national surveillance system contributes to the identification of nutritional and health issues, establishment of public health policies, and development of nutrition recommendations. This paper provides recent information about the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the Korean Youth Risk...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.01655

Guideline

Endocrinology

2017 Clinical practice guidelines for dyslipidemia of Korean children and adolescents

Jung Sub Lim, Eun Young Kim, Jae Hyun Kim, Jae-Ho Yoo, Kyung Hee Yi, Hyun Wook Chae, Jin-Ho Choi, Ji Young Kim, Il Tae Hwang; the Committee of Dyslipidemia of Korean Children and Adolescents on behalf of Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology (KSPE)

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(12):454-462. Published online November 25, 2020

Web of Science 9 Crossref 9

Question: How are children and adolescents with dyslipidemia treated and managed in Korea?
Finding: 2017 guidelines recommend to measure nonfasting non-HDL-C as a screening test and introduce new diet methods: Cardiovascular Health Integrated Lifestyle Diet (CHILD)-1, CHILD-2-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and CHILD-2-triglyceride. Statin is the only drug approved in children older than 10 years.
Meaning: New clinical practice guidelines for treating and managing dyslipidemia of Korean children and adolescents are provided.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.01340

Original Article

Hematology

Changes in the prevalence of anemia in Korean adolescents, 1998–2018

Jun Young An, Yoo Rha Hong, Seom Gim Kong

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(2):86-92. Published online November 16, 2020

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

Question: Over the past 21 years, has the prevalence of anemia decreased among Korean adolescents?
Finding: The prevalence of anemia in boys aged 10–18 years decreased from 3.0% to 0.5% over the study period, whereas that in girls did not change significantly over time (increased from 7.9% to 8.5%).
Meaning: The prevalence of anemia in female adolescents remains high, requiring attention and efforts to improve it.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.01508

Review Article

Gastroenterology

Changing prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents

Ji Sook Park, Jin Su Jun, Ji-Hyun Seo, Hee-Shang Youn, Kwang-Ho Rhee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(1):21-25. Published online July 15, 2020

Web of Science 29 Crossref 34

Although Helicobacter pylori infection rate in children is unclear due to diversity and limitation of diagnostic tests unlike in adults, investigation the childhood prevalence is important for predicting H. pylori-related diseases in the future.
H. pylori infection occurred in early childhood, and declined during 30 years in our study.
Change in risk factors of H. pylori transmission and consensus for eradication therapy in children might further reduce the infection rate.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.01543

Eun Hwa Choi, Su Eun Park, Yae-Jean Kim, Dae Sun Jo, Yun-Kyung Kim, Byung-Wook Eun, Taek-Jin Lee, Jina Lee, Hyunju Lee, Ki Hwan Kim, Hye-Kyung Cho, Eun Young Cho, Jong-Hyun Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2019;62(7):252-256. Published online July 15, 2019

Crossref 9

The Committee on Infectious Diseases of the Korean Pediatric Society recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger in the 9th (2018) edition of Immunization guideline. This report provides the revised recommendations made by the committee and summarizes several changes from the 2015 guideline. National immunization program (NIP) launched a human papillomavirus (HPV) immunization for girls...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2019.00227

Original Article

General Pediatrics

Prevalence of hyperuricemia and its association with metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic risk factors in Korean children and adolescents: analysis based on the 2016–2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Jung Hyun Lee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2019;62(8):317-323. Published online June 24, 2019

Crossref 29

Purpose: Investigating the prevalence of hyperuricemia and its association with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) in Korean children and adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional survey used data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2017); 1,256 males and females aged 10–18 years were included. Hyperuricemia was defined as serum uric acid levels were >6.6 mg/dL at...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2019.00444

Endocrinology

Prevalence and associates of obesity and overweight among school-age children in a rural community of Thailand

Teechaya Nonboonyawat, Wuttipat Pusanasuwannasri, Nattanon Chanrat, Natta Wongthanavimok, Danutanut Tubngern, Piengkwan Panutrakul, Mathirut Mungthin, Thirapa Nivesvivat, Panadda Hatthachote, Ram Rangsin, Phunlerd Piyaraj

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2019;62(5):179-186. Published online February 8, 2019

Crossref 6

Purpose: Information about overweight and obesity among students in rural areas of Thailand is limited. Therefore, we aimed to determine overweight and obesity prevalences and associated factors among school-aged children in a rural community of Thailand. Methods: We selected 9 public schools through cluster sampling in 2 provinces located in central Thailand in 2016. Anthropometric measurements were measured using standard techniques,...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2018.06499

Secular change in waist circumference and waist-height ratio and optimal cutoff of waist-height ratio for abdominal obesity among Korean children and adolescents over 10 years

Min Sub Kim, Se Young Kim, Jae Hyun Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2019;62(7):261-268. Published online December 3, 2018

Crossref 9

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the time trends of waist circumference (WC) and waist-height ratio (WHR), and to present WC and WHR distributions with optimal WHR cutoff for abdominal obesity in Korean children and adolescents. Methods: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of data from 13,257 children and adolescents (6,987 boys and 6,270 girls) aged 6–18 years who were included...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2018.07038

Adolescence Medicine

Serum alanine aminotransferase levels are closely associated with metabolic disturbances in apparently healthy young adolescents independent of obesity

Ki Eun Kim, Kyung Suk Baek, Sol Han, Jung Hyun Kim, Youn Ho Shin

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2019;62(2):48-54. Published online November 23, 2018

Crossref 2

Purpose: Liver metabolism plays a pivotal role in the development of metabolic disorders. We aimed to investigate the clinical and laboratory risk factors associated with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in young adolescents from an urban population in Korea. Methods: A population of 120 apparently healthy adolescents aged 12–13 years was included in the cross-sectional design study; 58 were overweight or obese...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2018.06639

Nephrology (Genitourinary)

Renal involvement in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease

Hea Min Jang, Hee Sun Baek, Jung-Eun Kim, Ju Young Kim, Yeon Hee Lee, Hee Yeon Cho, Yon Ho Choe, Ben Kang, Byung-Ho Choe, Bong Seok Choi, Min Hyun Cho

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2018;61(10):327-331. Published online September 12, 2018

Crossref 10

Purpose: The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rapidly increasing, and several reports have described the renal complications of IBD. We sought to evaluate the clinical manifestations of renal complications in children with IBD in order to enable early detection and prompt treatment of the complications. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 456 children and adolescents aged <20...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2018.06485

Review Article

General Pediatrics

The 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents: development, improvement, and prospects

Jae Hyun Kim, Sungha Yun, Seung-sik Hwang, Jung Ok Shim, Hyun Wook Chae, Yeoun Joo Lee, Ji Hyuk Lee, Soon Chul Kim, Dohee Lim, Sei Won Yang, Kyungwon Oh, Jin Soo Moon; for the Committee for the Development of Growth Standards for Korean Children and Adolescents, the Committee for School Health and Public Health Statistics; the Committee for School Health and Public Health Statistics; the Korean Pediatric Society, and Division of Health and Nutrition Survey; Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2018;61(5):135-149. Published online May 28, 2018

Crossref 455

Growth charts are curves or tables that facilitate the visualization of anthropometric parameters, and are widely used as an important indicator when evaluating the growth status of children and adolescents. The latest version of the Korean National Growth Charts released in 2007 has raised concerns regarding the inclusion of data from both breastfed and formula-fed infants, higher body mass index...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2018.61.5.135

Original Article

Endocrinology

The association of total blood mercury levels and overweight among Korean adolescents: analysis of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010–2013

Yi-Yeon Shin, In-Kyung Ryu, Mi-Jung Park, Shin-Hye Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2018;61(4):121-128. Published online April 23, 2018

Crossref 26

Purpose

Obesity has been associated with higher total blood mercury levels, based on animal studies; however, studies that focus on children and adolescents are lacking. We aimed to assess the association between total blood mercury levels and the incidence of overweight and abdominal obesity in Korean adolescents.

Methods

The study population comprised 1,567 adolescents (793 boys and 774 girls; aged 10–19 years), who...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2018.61.4.121

Cited By 20	Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants
Cited By 19	Long COVID in children and adolescents: prevalence, clinical manifestations, and management strategies
Cited By 17	Association of gut microbiota with obesity in children and adolescents
Cited By 14	Gut microbiota affects brain development and behavior
Cited By 14	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance in children

Search