Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

Review Article

Immunology

Immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 and early immunomodulators

Kyung-Yil Lee, Jung-Woo Rhim, Jin-Han Kang

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(7):239-250. Published online June 18, 2020

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading globally. Although its etiologic agent is discovered as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), there are many unsolved issues in COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. The causes of different clinical phenotypes and incubation periods among individuals, species specificity, and cytokine storm with lymphopenia as well as the mechanism of damage to organ...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00759

Perspective

Infection

COVID-19 in children: reasons for uneventful clinical course

Sweni Shah, Ramachandran Meenakshisundaram, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Ponniah Thirumalaikolundusubramanian

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(7):237-238. Published online June 18, 2020

Crossref 4

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00801

Editorial

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Should we regularly evaluate the neurodevelopmental status of moderate and late preterm infants?

Son Moon Shin

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(6):217-218. Published online June 11, 2020

Crossref 4

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00472

Neurology

Next-generation sequencing is a powerful method to enhance diagnostic yield in global developmental delay/intellectual disability

Jon Soo Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(6):211-212. Published online June 11, 2020

Crossref 1

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.01683

Review Article

Other

Review of epidemiological studies on air pollution and health effects in children

Jong-Tae Lee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(1):3-11. Published online June 10, 2020

Web of Science 22 Crossref 23

This review summarized the accumulated epidemiologic evidence with emphasis on studies conducted in Korea and heterogeneity in the literature. Based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses, there is consistent evidence on the association between exposure to ambient air pollution and children’s health, especially respiratory health and adverse birth outcomes, and growing evidence on neurodevelopmental outcomes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.00843

Pulmonology

Current perspectives on atypical pneumonia in children

Jung Yeon Shim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(12):469-476. Published online June 10, 2020

Web of Science 17 Crossref 23

Macrolides are the first line treatment in atypical pneumonia caused by M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, and L. pneumophila. Macrolide-resistant mycoplasma pneumonia (MRMP) is emerging worldwide, especially in East Asia. Immune modulators such as corticosteroids or second line antibiotics are treatment options for MRMP. Pediatricians should be careful with empirical therapy of macrolides in children with mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia not to increase the risk of MRMP.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.00360

Original Article

Other

Evaluation of goodness of fit of semiparametric and parametric models in analysis of factors associated with length of stay in neonatal intensive care unit

Fatemeh Kheiry, Sadegh Kargarian-Marvasti, Sima Afrashteh, Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi, Nima Daneshi, Salma Naderi, Seyed Hossein Saadat

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(9):361-367. Published online June 10, 2020

Web of Science 4 Crossref 2

Question: Hospitalization in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is associated with life-threatening hazards. What factors associated with neonatal length of stay (LOS) in the NICU?
Finding: Breastfeeding, phototherapy, acute renal failure (ARF), mechanical ventilation, and central venous catheter (CVC) access were identified as factors associated with NICU length of stay.
Meaning: Protective effects of breastfeeding and CVC access, whereas increase effects of phototherapy, ARF, and mechanical ventilation in LOS can be supporting evidence to establish effective interventions to reduce length of NICU stay.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.00437

Editorial

Allergy

Insights into pediatric pollen food allergy syndrome

Jeong Hee Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(12):483-484. Published online June 1, 2020

Web of Science 1 Crossref 2

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.01179

Are you sure that it is a drug allergy?

Eun Hee Chung

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(6):213-214. Published online June 1, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.01487

Review Article

Neurology

Health effects of electromagnetic fields on children

Jin-Hwa Moon

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(11):422-428. Published online May 26, 2020

Web of Science 37 Crossref 34

· The nervous systems of children are more vulnerable to the effects of electromagnetic waves than adults.
· The exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) among children should be minimized.
· According to International Agency for Research on Cancer EMFs are possibly carcinogenic, it should not be overlooked or interpreted with bias.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.01494

Editorial

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Utility of neonatal early-onset sepsis calculator in risk-based group B Streptococcus screening approach

Myo-Jing Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(10):393-394. Published online May 22, 2020

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

· Evaluation of the risk factors for early-onset sepsis (EOS) is important to optimal prevention and treatment.
· The EOS calculator is still valid as part of the risk-based group B Streptococcus (GBS) screening approach.
· The risk factor assessment using the EOS calculator is worth use before the introduction of universal GBS screening.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00500

Original Article

General Pediatrics

Efficacy of conservative treatment of perianal abscesses in children and predictors for therapeutic failure

Lars Boenicke, Johannes Doerner, Stefan Wirth, Hubert Zirngibl, Mike Ralf Langenbach

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(7):272-277. Published online May 15, 2020

Web of Science 10 Crossref 10

Background: The optimal management of perianal abscess in children is controversial.
Purpose: To evaluate the efficiency of conservative treatment of perianal abscess in children and identify parameters that predict therapy failure. Methods: All cases of children younger than 14 years of age with perianal abscesses between 2001–2016 were evaluated. Results: Of the 113 enrolled patients, 64 underwent subsequent surgery for advanced disease (primary...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.00969

Editorial

Emergency Medicine

Pediatric transport medicine: a yet unknown territory in Korea

Jeong-Min Ryu

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(5):182-183. Published online May 15, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.01270

Original Article

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Fluconazole prophylaxis against invasive candidiasis in very low and extremely low birth weight preterm neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Mahmoud Robati Anaraki, Masoud Nouri-Vaskeh, Shahram Abdoli Oskoei

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(4):172-179. Published online May 14, 2020

Web of Science 12 Crossref 12

· Mortality is decreased significantly in meta-analysis of studies in different regimen of fluconazole prophylaxis.
· Significant decrease was seen in incidence of invasive candidiasis-associated mortality in extremely low birth weight infants in same schedules of prophylaxis.
· More studies required to relief the concerns.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.01431

Review Article

Neurology

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders: clinical spectrum, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment options

Yun-Jin Lee, Sang Ook Nam, Ara Ko, JuHyun Kong, Shin Yun Byun

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(3):103-110. Published online May 14, 2020

Web of Science 4 Crossref 4

MOG antibody-associated disorder exhibits different pathophysiological and phenotypic findings than both aquaporin-4 antibody-associated neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and typical MS. MOG-antibody is of particular interest in pediatric patients with clinical or radiological non-MS typical findings. MOG-antibody was included in a diagnostic algorithm for children recommending for the first time a standardized use in clinical practice except in cases of typical MS.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.01305

Endocrinology

Early menarche and its consequence in Korean female: reducing fructose intake could be one solution

Ji Hyun Kim, Jung Sub Lim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(1):12-20. Published online May 14, 2020

Web of Science 12 Crossref 10

In Korea, the average age of menarche has declined sharply. Early menarche is associated with psychosocial and behavioral problems and cardiometabolic disease. Excess fructose intake has been suggested as one cause of early menarche in recent studies, so reducing fructose intake may be one solution.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.00353

Allergy

Pollen-food allergy syndrome in children

You Hoon Jeon

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(12):463-468. Published online May 14, 2020

Web of Science 11 Crossref 18

The prevalence of pollen-food allergy syndrome (PFAS) in Korean children with pollen allergy was recently reported to be 42.7%. PFAS can cause a wide range of symptoms from mild allergy to severe anaphylaxis depending on the nature of food allergens that share the epitopes with pollen. Cases of anaphylaxis caused by PFAS have recently increased. Treatments for PFAS should be individualized for patients according to the severity of symptoms.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.00780

Original Article

Developmental and Behavioral Medicine

Development of the Korean Developmental Screening Test for Infants and Children (K-DST)

Hee Jung Chung, Donghwa Yang, Gun-Ha Kim, Sung Koo Kim, Seoung Woo Kim, Young Key Kim, Young Ah Kim, Joon Sik Kim, Jin Kyung Kim, Cheongtag Kim, In-Kyung Sung, Son Moon Shin, Kyung Ja Oh, Hee-Jeong Yoo, Hee Joon Yu, Seoung-Joon Lim, Jeehun Lee, Hae-Ik Jeong, Jieun Choi, Jeong-Yi Kwon, Baik-Lin Eun

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(11):438-446. Published online May 14, 2020

Web of Science 38 Crossref 40

Question: Can the Korean Developmental Screening Test for Infants and Children (K-DST) be a useful screening tool for infants and children in Korea?
Finding: The K-DST has high reliability (internal consistency of 0.73–0.93, test-retest reliability of 0.77–0.88) and a high discriminatory ability with a sensitivity of 0.833 and specificity of 0.979.
Meaning: The K-DST is an effective and reliable screening tool for infants and children with neurodevelopmental disorders in Korea.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00640

Editorial

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Survival model application for analysis of neonatal length of stay

Eun Joo Lee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(9):357-358. Published online May 14, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.01508

Infection

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: choice of schedule and product development

Jin Lee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(7):259-260. Published online April 27, 2020

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.01739

Original Article

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Risk-based maternal group B Streptococcus screening strategy is compatible with the implementation of neonatal early-onset sepsis calculator

Niek B. Achten, J. Wendelien Dorigo-Zetsma, Annemarie M.C. van Rossum, Rianne Oostenbrink, Frans B. Plötz

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(10):406-410. Published online April 16, 2020

Web of Science 4 Crossref 5

Question: To what extent does risk-based Group B Streptococcus (GBS) screening influence management recommendations by the early-onset sepsis (EOS) calculator?
Finding: In 97% of the newborn infants, the EOS calculator recommendation remained unchanged after the GBS status at birth was updated to the definitive GBS status.
Meaning: Risk-based GBS screening results are compatible with EOS calculator recommendations.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00094

Letter to the Editor

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Role of neutrophil CD11b expression in diagnosis of earlyonset neonatal sepsis in full-term infant

Safaa ELMeneza, Walaa Mohamed, Iman Elbagoury, Karima Bahagat

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(1):44-45. Published online April 14, 2020

Web of Science 6 Crossref 6

Question: Can CD11b detect sepsis in full-term infants with suspected sepsis?
Finding: The percentage of neutrophils expressing CD11b was significantly upregulated in the sepsis and suspected sepsis groups versus the control group.
Meaning: CD11b is a sensitive marker for sepsis and suspected sepsis in full-term neonates and it may be added to sepsis markers. This information would allow the neonatologist to confidently discontinue antibiotic use as long as the neonate is clinically stable.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.01319

Editorial

Neurology

Targeted temperature management and neuroprotective outcomes of pediatric patients after cardiac arrest

Yun-Jin Lee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(5):180-181. Published online April 14, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.01396

Nephrology (Genitourinary)

Dapsone: a steroid-sparing drug for refractory immunoglobulin A vasculitis?

Jin-Soon Suh

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(5):178-179. Published online April 14, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.01634

Allergy

Trends in prevalence of allergic diseases in Korean children: how and why?

Kyung Suk Lee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(7):263-264. Published online April 13, 2020

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00213

Review Article

Cardiology

Pediatric heart transplantation: how to manage problems affecting long-term outcomes?

Young Hwue Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(2):49-59. Published online April 8, 2020

Crossref 6

Since the initial International Society of Heart Lung Transplantation registry was published in 1982, the number of pediatric heart transplantations has increased markedly, reaching a steady state of 500–550 transplantation annually and occupying up to 10% of total heart transplantations. Heart transplantation is considered an established therapeutic option for patients with end-stage heart disease. The long-term outcomes of pediatric heart...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.01417

Perspective

Pulmonology

Early preemptive immunomodulators (corticosteroids) for severe pneumonia patients infected with SARS-CoV-2

Kyung-Yil Lee, Jung-Woo Rhim, Jin-Han Kang

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(4):117-118. Published online April 8, 2020

Web of Science 14 Crossref 14

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00290

Clinical Note

Allergy

Recurrent urticaria caused by specific cat serum albumin IgE cross-reacting with pork serum albumin

Cheon Kim, Sung Won Kim, Yoon Ha Hwang

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(11):451-453. Published online April 6, 2020

Web of Science 2 Crossref 1

Question: What should be considered in children who complain of pork allergies?
Finding: History of raising a cat, the onset of symptoms after the ingestion of pork and specific IgE tests to pork, cat, milk, and Alpha-gal are needed.
Meaning: Pork cat syndrome could be the cause of pork allergies.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.01725

Review Article

Infection

Epidemiology and clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 in children

Soo-Han Choi, Han Wool Kim, Ji-Man Kang, Dong Hyun Kim, Eun Young Cho

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(4):125-132. Published online April 6, 2020

Web of Science 132 Crossref 135

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), which started in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and declared a worldwide pandemic on March 11, 2020, is a novel infectious disease that causes respiratory illness and death. Pediatric COVID-19 accounts for a small percentage of patients and is often milder than that in adults; however, it can progress to severe disease in some cases. Even neonates...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00535

Epidemiology, virology, and clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome -coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus Disease-19)

Su Eun Park

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(4):119-124. Published online April 2, 2020

Web of Science 317 Crossref 334

A cluster of severe pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan City, Hubei province in China emerged in December 2019. A novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was isolated from lower respiratory tract sample as the causative agent. The current outbreak of infections with SARS-CoV-2 is termed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00493

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