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Background: Respiratory, gastrointestinal, and allergic diseases can significantly affect children’s physical and mental health and quality of life.
Purpose: This study aimed to assess the safety of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BLa80, its preventive effects on morbidities related to respiratory, gastrointestinal, and allergic diseases, and its impact on the gut microbiome of children during the study period. Methods: Healthy children aged 0–3... |
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Background: Early adiposity rebound (AR) is a key
predictor of later obesity and metabolic risk, yet modifiable
factors related to early AR remain understudied
in
large populations.
Purpose: To quantify the prevalence of early AR at age 3 years and identify modifiable correlates in a population‑based cohort of Japanese preschool children. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed health-check records for 74,466 children who attended both 1.5- and 3-year examinations (2014–2019). Body mass... |
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Background: Associations have been suggested between
prenatal exposure and allergic diseases in children as
well as between respiratory allergies and maternal sleep
disorders during pregnancy.
Purpose: This study aimed to examine the association between maternal sleep disorders during pregnancy and allergic diseases, including respiratory, skin, and ocular allergies, in their children. Methods: This study was based on the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study. Sleep disorders during... |
| Malnutrition is common among hospitalized children, especially those who are critically ill. Routine measures, such as anthropometric measurements, body composition, and nutritional assessment, comprise the basics of monitoring. This review discusses the adequacy of nutritional screening tools (NSTs) such as the SGNA (Subjective Global Nutritional Assessment), PYMS (Pediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score), STAMP (Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Paediatrics), and STRONGkids (Screening Tool for Risk of Nutritional Status... |
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Background: Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE)
is a rare but devastating neurological disorder in children
that is typically triggered by viral infections such as influenza,
sudden acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
2, and human herpesvirus-6. ANE is characterized by
cytokine storm and associated with high mortality;
however, optimal immunomodulatory strategies remain
undefined.
Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of multiple immunomodulatory strategies, including high-dose methylprednisolone (MP), plasma exchange (PLEX), and tocilizumab, at reducing short-term... |
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The prevalence of autism is increasing worldwide. The United States has the highest numbers, likely due to the availability of better treatment options. However, global disparities exist, especially in low-resource settings in which stigma, underdiagnosis, and limited services hinder care. A coordinated international approach emphasizing early screening, inclusive policies, and culturally sensitive support systems can bridge this gap and improve the outcomes for children with autism and their families worldwide. |
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Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has transformed pediatric type 1 diabetes care by facilitating tighter glycemic control, reducing hypoglycemia, and improving quality of life. Recent advances in CGM technology and the expansion of insurance coverage in Korea have led to its broader adoption. Emerging metrics such as time in tight range offer refined tools for individualized glycemic assessment, highlighting CGM’s evolving role in personalized pediatric diabetes management. |
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Background: Influenza and coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19) are major causes of pediatric respiratory
illness with overlapping clinical features but potentially
differing impacts on healthcare utilization and outcomes.
Purpose: To compare the clinical presentations, healthcare resource utilization, and outcomes of children hospitalized with influenza and COVID-19 and address the gaps in pediatric data from Southeast Asia. Methods: This retrospective observational study included children aged ≤12 years hospitalized with laboratoryconfirmed influenza or... |
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Question: What are the roles of thyroid hormones and endothelin in South Indian children with asthma? Finding: Thyroid hormone and endothelin levels were significantly elevated in South Indian children with asthma; poorly controlled cases exhibited the highest levels. Elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone and endothelin levels were correlated with asthma severity. Meaning: Serum endothelin is a potential surrogate marker for asthma severity that could aid the assessment and management of childhood asthma. |
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Background: Open cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary
bypass (CPB) triggers a systemic inflammatory
response that significantly affects clinical outcomes. However,
the dynamics and specific roles of cytokine release
after CPB in the pediatric population remain unclear.
Purpose: To evaluate the dynamics of cytokine levels and their association with low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS)-related outcomes. Methods: A prospective observational cohort study was conducted of 32 children who underwent elective open cardiac surgery... |
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Question: Can neutrophil elastase (NE) levels predict infection— the primary cause of mortality—among children with hematological malignancies and febrile neutropenia (FN)? Finding: Elevated levels of NE were found in children with chemotherapy-induced FN and a bacterial infection. Meaning: Increased NE levels and prolonged FN are important factors associated with mortality risk. |
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Pediatric asthma can persist to adulthood and must be effectively managed. This review examined the prevalence of asthma among individuals younger than 20 years and revealed a decline from 1990 to 2021, higher rates in males, and a peak in children aged 5–9 years. Despite a projected continued decrease in prevalence by 2050, asthma will remain a significant health concern for children and adolescents. |
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Question: Postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) is a chronic respiratory disease that typically develops in children after a severe respiratory infection. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is often comorbid in patients with PIBO. Finding: Corticosteroid pulse therapy effectively manages PIBO with or without comorbid BPD, significantly reducing exacerbations and decreasing the daily requirement for inhaled corticosteroids. Meaning: Therapeutic effects of corticosteroid pulses are rapid and sustained over time, in both groups. |
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Question: Could hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) be an alternative to enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for type VI mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS VI)? Finding: HSCT is generally not offered due to reports of high toxicity and mortality. However, we detected fewer complications and graft-versus-host disease cases and no deaths with HSCT. Meaning: HSCT is both less expensive than ERT and permanent; thus, it should be considered an alternative treatment for MPS VI. |
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Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are associated with various somatic symptoms measured using a visual analogue scale and the Children’s Somatic Symptoms Inventory-24 questionnaire. Children with FGIDs exhibited more significant somatic symptoms than controls during acute illnesses. Gastrointestinal (GI) and non-GI manifestations are significantly more common in children with FGIDs. |
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Question: Is there a nonlinear relationship between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and asthma in children and adolescents? Finding: NLR showed a nonlinear association with asthma, with an NLR threshold of 2.23 identifying individuals at higher risk. Meaning: An NLR<2.23 may serve as a potential biomarker for asthma risk assessment and management in pediatric populations, thereby offering a simple tool for the early identification of at-risk individuals. |
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Question: Are serum amyloid A (SAA) and proadrenomedullin (proADM) levels early markers in critically ill children with sepsis? Finding: This prospective case-control study included 65 critically ill children with sepsis admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit and 31 controls. SAA and proADM levels were significantly higher in patients versus controls. Meaning: SAA and proADM are promising biomarkers for diagnosing and predicting outcomes in pediatric sepsis. |
| The suitability of World Health Organization (WHO) growth charts for assessing the growth of children under 3 years of age in all countries remains controversial, and their applicability must be evaluated based on country-specific growth data. The Korea Infant Physical Growth Examination Survey evaluated the suitability of WHO growth charts to contribute to the next revision of growth charts in Korea. |
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Question: What is the acceptance rate for coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination among parents of children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)? Finding: One-third of parents were hesitant to vaccinate their child. Parental willingness to vaccinate themselves, older patient age, and belief in the vaccine's potency were associated with vaccine acceptance. Meaning: These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to improve vaccine acceptance among parents of children with SLE. |
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Question: How do dietary intake and physical activity affect body mass index (BMI) z scores and adiposity among children with obesity? Finding: Higher dietary protein and fiber intakes were significantly associated with a decrease in BMI z scores and adiposity among children with obesity. Meaning: Optimizing dietary interventions by focusing on protein and fiber intakes could be an effective strategy for managing childhood obesity. |
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Question: What are the most common enteric pathogens in acute diarrhea among children younger than 5 years of age, and which age group is most susceptible? Finding: Bacteria were the most common causative microorganisms of diarrhea, followed by viruses, parasites, and fungi. The 1–2-year age group was the most commonly affected. Meaning: There is a need to formulate preventive strategies targeting children exposed to enteric pathogens to limit diarrhea. |
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Question: What are the clinicopathological features and outcomes of pediatric C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) in resource-limited settings? Finding: Children with C3G in resource-limited settings have significant morbidities, and most experience kidney sequelae despite treatment. Electron microscopy was performed in only 50% of our patients, while none received complement assays or genetic testing. Meaning: Pediatric C3G presentation, management, and kidney outcomes vary. Its thorough evaluation and management are challenging in resource-limited settings. |
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Question: What is the occurrence of pediatric stroke in Indonesia? Finding: This multicenter study identified 1,074 stroke cases, predominantly hemorrhagic (83.4%), with males and older children at higher risk. Accidents were the primary cause (73.2%). Meaning: Pediatric stroke in Indonesia shows critical epidemiological trends, highlighting the need for targeted prevention efforts, particularly for high-risk groups like males and accident victims. |
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Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs) often coexist with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and other IgE or non-IgE mediated GI diseases. Diagnosing EGIDs requires a high index of suspicion and a comprehensive approach to differentiate them from conditions like inflammatory bowel disease. Tests such as fecal calprotectin and biopsies aid in severe cases. Maintaining a food diary helps identify triggers for long-term elimination. Awareness and education are key to effective management. |
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Transabdominal ultrasonography is increasingly used as a novel modality for detecting pediatric functional constipation (FC). This systematic review and metaanalysis aimed to assess the diagnostic parameters of FC including rectal diameter (RD) and anterior rectal wall thickness. A systematic search was conducted of the Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and PubMed databases through September 29, 2023, to identify studies comparing RD... |
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Question: What are the primary triggers for pediatric migraines, and how do they impact clinical management? Finding: Common triggers for pediatric migraines include sleep disturbances, academic stress, and motion sickness, with academic stress identified as the most intense. Meaning: Recognizing and addressing specific triggers like sleep disturbance and academic stress is crucial to effectively managing pediatric migraines with emphasis on personalized care to improve outcomes. |
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· The 24-hour movement behavior paradigm provides an important framework for future pediatric health promotion efforts. · Policy priorities should include advancing surveillance and monitoring assessments related to 24-hour movement behaviors, evaluating their implementation in school and government policies, and building preparedness for future pandemics and natural disasters, including climate change, by promoting healthy 24-hour movement behaviors. · Future research should advocate for the promotion of 24- hour movement behaviors. |
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Question: What is the effect of nonpharmacological interventions on postoperative pain and anxiety among children. Finding: Nurse-provided distraction interventions reduce pain and anxiety among pediatric surgical patients. Meaning: The findings suggest that nonpharmacological interventions provided postoperatively to children reduce their pain and anxiety levels. |
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· Exposure to air pollutants cause allergic and respiratory diseases as well as chronic kidney disease. · Adequate physical activity and proper nutrition are essential for children to maintain good health. · We must educate people about the harmful effects of noise, blue light, heavy metals and smoke. · Government and society must actively decrease environ-mental hazards. |
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· This study analyzed 45 randomized controlled trials (5,061 participants, 13 interventions) of the comparative efficacies of treatments for acute bronchiolitis in infants. · Inhalation therapy with epinephrine and hypertonic saline significantly reduced the length of hospital stay compared with normal saline. · Hypertonic saline had the greatest ability to improve the clinical severity score of bronchiolitis in infants younger than 2 years of age. |
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Copyright © 2025 by Korean Pediatric Society.





