Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

Guideline

Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for pediatric hepatoblastoma: a systematic review and expert recommendations from Korea

Jin Kyung Suh, Jisun Hwang, Hee Mang Yoon, Kyong Ihn, Jung-Man Namgoong, Jeong A. Park, Jung-Sun Kim, Hyoung Soo Choi, Sung Hye Park, Dong Ah Park, Kyung-Nam Koh

This is the first Korean evidence-based clinical practice guideline for pediatric hepatoblastoma. Key recommendations include computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for PRETEXT (PRE-Treatment EXTent of disease) staging, cisplatin monotherapy for standard-risk disease, upfront surgery for resectable tumors, metastasectomy for residual lung lesions, and sodium thiosulfate for otoprotection. Well-differentiated fetal histology carries a favorable prognosis, whereas the small cell undifferentiated pattern requires immunohistochemical and molecular testing to exclude malignant rhabdoid tumor.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2026.02691 [Epub ahead of print]

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Original Article

Association between maternal traumatic stress related to Great East Japan Earthquake and behavioral problems in offspring

Shun Tanabe, Masatsugu Orui, Chikana Kawaguchi, Genki Shinoda, Aoi Noda, Mami Ishikuro, Taku Obara, Shinichi Kuriyama

Association between maternal traumatic stress related to Great East Japan Earthquake and behavioral problems in offspringQuestion: Does prepregnancy maternal traumatic stress influence behavioral outcomes in early childhood?
Finding: Children born to mothers who reported greater disaster-related traumatic stress showed higher risks of internalizing, externalizing, and total behavioral problems at ages 2 and 3 years consistent with a dose-response relationship.
Meaning: Long-term maternal mental health support covering the broader reproductive period may play a role in addressing intergenerational behavioral problems after large-scale disasters.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2026.00843 [Epub ahead of print]

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Changes in patient concentration and accessibility across 5 Pediatric Emergency Departments in Daegu, Korea

Woo Bean Yang, Kyungmi Jang, Hee Joung Choi, Dong Won Lee, Jae Young Choe

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has substantially altered Pediatric Emergency Department (PED) utilization. However, longitudinal changes across multiple PEDs after major policy transitions remain unclear.
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate changes in utilization, patient distribution, accessibility to pediatric emergency care, and clinical characteristics across 5 participating PEDs in Daegu, Korea. Methods: This multicenter retrospective study analyzed 140,017 visits among patients aged <16 years between January 2019 and May...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2026.02054 [Accepted]

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Review Article

Antibiotic pretreatment and culture yield in pediatric osteoarticular infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Mohamad Shieb, Caroline Decesare, Guyu Li, Elizabeth Ristagno

In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 9 studies comprising 1,704 tissue culture specimens from children with osteoarticular infection, antibiotic pretreatment was not associated with reduced tissue culture yield (odds ratio, 1.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.23–2.08). Empiric antibiotic therapy should not be withheld to preserve culture yield in suspected osteoarticular infection; invasive cultures should be obtained at the earliest safe opportunity without delaying treatment.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2026.01634 [Epub ahead of print]

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Developmental and Behavioral Medicine

Electronic media exposure and neurodevelopment in children under 5 years of age: an updated evidence-based narrative review

Soumi Kundu, Sudip Bhattacharya, Rajan Kumar, Kusum Kumari, Chandrima Biswas, Asha Premlata Omega Oraon, Abhimanyu Ganguly

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(10):773-784. Published online September 8, 2026

Excessive digital media exposure before 5 years is consistently associated with poorer language development, attention, executive functioning, sleep quality, and socioemotional development. The adverse effects are particularly evident when screen exposure replaces caregiver-child interaction and active play. High-quality educational content combined with caregiver coviewing may mitigate some of these risks. Pediatric counseling should emphasize age-appropriate media use, family media plans, and balanced daily routines.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2026.01417

Gastroenterology

Patient-derived intestinal organoids in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: applications in disease modeling and therapeutic response prediction

Ky Young Cho

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(10):753-761. Published online September 1, 2026

· Patient-derived intestinal organoids provide a human-relevant platform for studying disease mechanisms and evaluating therapeutic responses in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (PIBD).
· By preserving patient-specific epithelial characteristics, these models enable the functional assessment of disease heterogeneity and drug responsiveness.
· Although technical and biological limitations remain, ongoing advances in immune-inclusive and microphysiological systems are expected to enhance their translational value and support personalized treatment strategies for PIBD.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2026.00913

Original Article

Endocrinology

Gut microbiota profiles in Korean children with growth hormone deficiency: a case-control study

So Yoon Choi, Seom Gim Kong, Gyu Min Yeon, Yoo Rha Hong, Minyoung Jung, Jung Hyun Lee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(10):797-805. Published online August 19, 2026

Question: Is gut microbiota composition altered in children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD)?
Finding: Children with GHD exhibited altered gut microbiota composition and predicted microbial functional pathways despite similar overall microbial diversity.
Meaning: These preliminary findings suggest a potential association between gut microbiota and pediatric GHD and warrant validation in larger prospective studies.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2026.00493

Cardiology

Red cell distribution width and reticulocyte hemoglobin content as predictors of iron depletion in children with cyanotic congenital heart disease

Hanyudh Prichayudh, Kanhatai Chiengthong, Khwaunrat Whaidee, Navaporn Phiphattanatikanunt, Vidhavas La-orkhun, Pornthep Lertsapcharoen

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(9):706-712. Published online July 29, 2026

Question: Are red cell distribution width (RDW) and reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr) reliable alternative markers for detecting iron depletion in children with cyanotic congenital heart disease, whose status is often masked by compensatory polycythemia?
Finding: Multivariate analysis demonstrated that RDW (≥18.8%) and CHr (<28 pg) are strong independent predictors of iron depletion in this vulnerable population.
Meaning: Combined use of these accessible markers facilitates earlier diagnosis and improves clinical management in resource-limited healthcare facilities.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2026.00241

Gastroenterology

Prognosis of pediatric hepatic Wilson disease with ATP7B loss of function variants

Amresh Kumar Mishra, Moinak Sen Sarma, Anchal Dubey, Pratik Gadekar, Amita Moirangthem, Anshu Srivastava, Amrita Mathias

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(8):646-654. Published online July 13, 2026

Question: Do the loss of function (LOF) of ATP7B mutated variants affect the severity or outcomes of hepatic Wilson disease (WD)?
Finding: LOF is associated with advanced liver disease, portal hypertension, and extrahepatic involvement. LOF did not determine hepatic or overall outcomes. ATP7B: c.813C>A (truncation variant) has an aggressive course with higher predisposition to acute liver failure. Lower serum exchangeable copper levels and higher disappearance of Kayser-Fleischer ring were observed in ATP7B: c.3809A>G (nontruncation variant) suggesting a better effect of chelation and lesser systemic copper.
Meaning: Truncation of the ATP7B protein determines the severity of the phenotype in WD.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2026.00689

Other

Did government subsidy program improve quality of care for children with complex chronic conditions in children’s hospitals? A quasi-experimental study in South Korea

Riyoung Na, Myoung-Hee Kim, Seok-Jun Yoon

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(7):582-592. Published online May 28, 2026

Question: Do government-funded Specialized Public Medical Centers for Children (SPMCCs) improve the quality of care for pediatric patients requiring complex and intensive medical care?
Finding: The SPMCC hospital designation reduced 30-day readmission rates among pediatric patients with severe conditions.
Meaning: Government investments are associated with improved quality of care for children with complex chronic conditions. Therefore, sustained government funding is essential to enhancing pediatric care quality.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2026.00199

Review Article

Allergy

Update on pediatric allergic rhinitis: narrative review based on guideline updates

Jung Yeon Shim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(6):473-483. Published online May 28, 2026

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

Intranasal corticosteroids remain the cornerstone treatment for moderate to severe allergic rhinitis. The 2024–2025 Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma guideline update suggests that fixed intranasal antihistamine–intranasal corticosteroid combinations may provide greater symptom control in allergic rhinitis than either agent alone. A control-based patient-centered approach that incorporates real-world evidence is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes in children.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2026.00444

Original Article

Nephrology (Genitourinary)

Serum metabolomic profile in children with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury

Nisha Chaudhary, Praveen Singh, Abhijeet Saha, Shantanu Sengupta

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(7):545-554. Published online April 15, 2026

Crossref 2

Question: Can the potential metabolites/pathways involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) be identified using metabolomics?
Finding: We identified 18 novel metabolites involved in the pathogenesis of SA-AKI as well as 31 metabolites that were altered in severe AKI. Linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and phospholipid pathways were altered in SA-AKI.
Meaning: Once validated, these markers may be used to diagnose SA-AKI at an early stage before sufficient kidney injury occurs.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.02439

Hematology

Effects of induction-phase acute kidney injury and age at diagnosis on chronic kidney disease in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a time-to-event cohort study

Pongpak Phongphiew, Nuanpan Penboon, Kanhatai Chiengthong, Pornpimol Rianthavorn

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(5):407-416. Published online March 5, 2026

Question: In pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), what are the incidence and causes of induction-phase acute kidney injury (AKI), and which factors predict chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Finding: Induction AKI occurred in 43% of patients, while CKD developed in 1 of 8 patients. The 5-year CKD-free survival rate was 94%. Older age at diagnosis was a continuous independent determinant of CKD risk.
Meaning: Induction AKI is common and clinically relevant. Older children warrant closer kidney monitoring during and after therapy.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.02327

Cardiology

Value of demographic factors in early identification of pediatric malignant vasovagal syncope in head-up tilt test

Shuo Wang, Yuwen Wang, Hong Cai, Ping Liu, Fang Li, Chuan Wen, Liqun Liu, Runmei Zou, Cheng Wang

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(4):353-361. Published online March 5, 2026

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

Question: Can demographic factors identify pediatric malignant vasovagal syncope pre-head-up tilt test (HUTT)?
Finding: Age/body mass index are independent protectors; <12.9 years age cuts risk 20%/yr.
Meaning: Enables early risk stratification to optimize HUTT safety for children.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.02397

Review Article

Gastroenterology

Balancing therapeutic benefits and hidden risks of proton pump inhibitors in pediatric practice: a narrative review and update

Maria Rogalidou, Alexandra Papadopoulou

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(3):186-196. Published online February 25, 2026

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) effectively treat acid-related disorders, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, eosinophilic esophagitis, peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Long-term use, particularly in children, may lead to microbiome alterations, nutrient deficiencies, infections, renal injury, osteoporosis, fractures, and other gastrointestinal changes. PPI therapy should be guided by clear clinical indications, prescribed at the lowest effective dose for the shortest necessary duration, and regularly reassessed to minimize risks in young children.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.02761

Ingestion of foreign bodies and caustic substances in children: a narrative review on clinical evaluation and management update

Maria Rogalidou

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(1):11-21. Published online December 10, 2025

Web of Science 4 Crossref 5

Foreign body and caustic substance ingestion in children aged 1–5 years can feature to severe and, sometimes life-threatening complications. High-risk items include batteries, magnets, and corrosive chemicals. Severity depends on object type, location, and ingestion timing. Prompt diagnosis and early endoscopic intervention are crucial. Individualized management, high clinical suspicion, and parental education are essential to improving outcomes and preventing immediate and long-term complications affecting a child’s quality of life.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.01823

Original Article

Nephrology (Genitourinary)

Discordance between antibiotic therapy and recurrent urinary tract infections in young children with third-generation cephalosporin-resistant infections

Yusin Kim, Hyun A Lee, Gil Lee, Kyungseok Park, Ye Kyung Kim, Peong Gang Park

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(3):228-235. Published online November 26, 2025

Question: Does completing a third-generation cephalosporin course, despite in vitro resistance, increase the early urinary tract infection recurrence rate in children?
Finding: Among 989 Korean children, discordant therapy increased the 2-month recurrence risk by 40% compared with concordant or susceptible therapy.
Meaning: Checking isolate susceptibility and switching to an active oral drug may curb recurrence and limit the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.01417

General Pediatrics

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BLa80 for preventing allergic, respiratory, and gastrointestinal diseases in young children in China: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial

Ke Chen, Xi Zhang, Kaihong Zeng, Jiayi Zhong, Shanshan Jin, Yang Nie, Ping Yang, Nianyang He, Haixia Chen, Yanmei Cao, Yunrong Fu, Ziji Fang, Wei Jiang, Changqi Lium

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(2):150-162. Published online October 30, 2025

Web of Science 2 Crossref 1

Question: Can probiotic BLa80 bring long-term benefits to the health of young children?
Finding: This trial demonstrated that the daily administration of s BLa80 at 5×109 colony-forming units for 3 months in children can reduce the risk of eczema, upper respiratory tract infections, and acute tracheitis/bronchitis as well as beneficially improve the gut microbiome without any adverse effect.
Meaning: Bla80 can bring definite health benefits to young children.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.01256

Associations of routine breakfast and napping habits with early adiposity rebound by age 3 years: a population-based cohort study in Japan

Toshifumi Yodoshi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(2):163-170. Published online October 22, 2025

Web of Science 3 Crossref 4

In a population‑based cohort of 74,466 children, 25% experienced early adiposity rebound (AR) by age 3. Daily breakfast and routine napping at 1.5 years were independently associated with lower odds of AR, while obesity at 1.5 years was a strong predictor. These modifiable routines could help delay AR and enable early identification during routine child health checks.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.01998

Critical Care Medicine

High-dose methylprednisolone and tocilizumab improve survival of patients with high-risk pediatric acute necrotizing encephalopathy

Chaonan Fan, Fei Li, Kechun Li, Zheng Li, Yiyang Mao, Lijuan Wang, Gang Liu, Yingchao Liu, Quan Wang, Suyun Qian

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(1):56-64. Published online October 22, 2025

Web of Science 7 Crossref 8

Question: Which immunomodulatory strategies can reduce mortality in children with acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE)?
Finding: High-dose methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg/day) significantly improved the survival of high-risk patients, particularly when combined with tocilizumab.
Meaning: These findings support the use of a severity-based immunotherapy approach to optimize the outcomes of pediatric ANE.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.01431

Allergy

Maternal sleep disorders during pregnancy and subsequent risk of allergic diseases in Japanese children: the TMM BirThree Cohort Study

Ami Uematsu, Masatsugu Orui, Mami Ishikuro, Keiko Murakami, Aoi Noda, Genki Shinoda, Taku Obara, Shinichi Kuriyama

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(1):36-45. Published online October 22, 2025

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

Question: Associations have been made between maternal sleep disorders during pregnancy and allergic diseases including bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and allergic conjunctivitis/rhinitis/hay fever in their children.
Finding: In the crude model, sleep disorders during pregnancy were associated with all examined allergic diseases in children. After adjustment, significant associations remained for atopic dermatitis and allergic conjunctivitis/rhinitis/hay fever.
Meaning: The study highlights associations between maternal sleep and child allergic diseases.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.01165

Review Article

Nutrition

Exploring nutritional screening tools for hospitalized children: a narrative review

Pankaj Soni, Amit Agrawal, Gaurav Jadon

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(12):963-970. Published online October 22, 2025

Web of Science 4 Crossref 4

Malnutrition is frequently identified in hospitalized children, and the use of nutritional screening tools is crucial for assessing their nutritional status during their hospital admission and stay. Common tools include the Pediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score, Screening Tool for Assessment of Malnutrition in Pediatrics, and Screening Tool for Risk of Nutritional Status and Growth. However, these tools have varying sensitivities and specificities, and none is recommended for all hospitalized children.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.00633

Original Article

Infection

Clinical outcomes and healthcare utilization of hospitalized children with influenza versus COVID-19

David Chun-Ern Ng, Chuin-Hen Liew, Kah Kee Tan, Joanne Pereira, Muhammad Ihsan Roslan, Xiang Lin Cheng, Hui Yi Lim, Farah Nuruliayana A. Nazri, Asuwani Maran, Wan Fei Wong, Yasothai Chandran, Syaniza Shaharudin, Pon Ling Lau, Naveen Nair Gangadaran, Marlindawati Mohd Ali

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(12):1007-1014. Published online October 2, 2025

Question: How do clinical presentations, healthcare resource utilization, and outcomes differ between children hospitalized with influenza versus coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?
Finding: Patients with influenza were older, were more symptomatic, and required greater healthcare resources, including intravenous fluids, empirical antibiotics, respiratory support, and pediatric intensive care unit admission.
Meaning: Influenza involves greater severity and a higher healthcare burden than COVID-19, highlighting the need for preventive strategies such as vaccination and hospital resource planning during seasonal outbreaks.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.00759

Review Article

General Pediatrics

Bridging the gap: autism spectrum disorder in children in the United States and worldwide: a narrative review

Sandhya J. Kadam, Malika Goel

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(11):852-857. Published online October 2, 2025

Web of Science 2 Crossref 4

The prevalence of autism is increasing worldwide. The United States has the highest numbers, likely due to the availability of better treatment options. However, global disparities exist, especially in low-resource settings in which stigma, underdiagnosis, and limited services hinder care. A coordinated international approach emphasizing early screening, inclusive policies, and culturally sensitive support systems can bridge this gap and improve the outcomes for children with autism and their families worldwide.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.00969

Endocrinology

Continuous glucose monitoring in Korean pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes: current landscape and clinical implications

Hwa Young Kim, Jaehyun Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(11):842-851. Published online October 2, 2025

Web of Science 5 Crossref 5

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has transformed pediatric type 1 diabetes care by facilitating tighter glycemic control, reducing hypoglycemia, and improving quality of life.
Recent advances in CGM technology and the expansion of insurance coverage in Korea have led to its broader adoption.
Emerging metrics such as time in tight range offer refined tools for individualized glycemic assessment, highlighting CGM’s evolving role in personalized pediatric diabetes management.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.01522

Original Article

Other

Impact of thyroid hormones and serum endothelin levels on pediatric asthma control: a case-control study of an Indian population

Murugaiyan Sathishbabu, Sathiya Ramasamy, Niranjjan Ramachandran, Soundararajan Palanisamy, Arulvijayavani Subramaniam

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(10):831-837. Published online September 22, 2025

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

Question: What are the roles of thyroid hormones and endothelin in South Indian children with asthma?
Finding: Thyroid hormone and endothelin levels were significantly elevated in South Indian children with asthma; poorly controlled cases exhibited the highest levels. Elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone and endothelin levels were correlated with asthma severity.
Meaning: Serum endothelin is a potential surrogate marker for asthma severity that could aid the assessment and management of childhood asthma.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.00143

Critical Care Medicine

Cytokine profile of Post–cardiopulmonary bypass in children

Kantara Saelim, Kanokpan Ruangnapa, Jirayut Jarutach, Pongsanae Duangpakdee, Smonrapat Surasombatpattana, Pharsai prasertsan

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(12):1015-1022. Published online September 19, 2025

Web of Science 8 Crossref 9

Question: Can cytokine levels predict low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) in children post–cardiopulmonary bypass?
Finding: Elevated interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were associated with LCOS, with an increase in IL-8 of >56 pg/mL from baseline to immediately postoperative being the strongest predictor.
Meaning: Monitoring immediately postoperative IL-8 levels may help identify pediatric patients at risk of LCOS, enabling timely interventions to improve outcomes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.00836

Other

Role of neutrophil elastase in predicting infection among children with chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia

Mahmoud A. El-Hawy, Doaa M. Elian, Mai El-Sayad Abd El-Hamid, Esraa T. Allam, Mariam S. Kandeel, Asmaa A. Mahmoud

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(10):801-807. Published online June 10, 2025

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

Question: Can neutrophil elastase (NE) levels predict infection— the primary cause of mortality—among children with hematological malignancies and febrile neutropenia (FN)?
Finding: Elevated levels of NE were found in children with chemotherapy-induced FN and a bacterial infection.
Meaning: Increased NE levels and prolonged FN are important factors associated with mortality risk.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.00318

Review Article

Allergy

Global burden of asthma among children and adolescents with projections to 2050: a comprehensive review and forecasted modeling study

Tae Hyeon Kim, Hyunjee Kim, Jiyeon Oh, Soeun Kim, Michael Miligkos, Dong Keon Yon, Nikolaos G Papadopoulos

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(5):329-343. Published online April 22, 2025

Web of Science 32 Crossref 42

Pediatric asthma can persist to adulthood and must be effectively managed. This review examined the prevalence of asthma among individuals younger than 20 years and revealed a decline from 1990 to 2021, higher rates in males, and a peak in children aged 5–9 years. Despite a projected continued decrease in prevalence by 2050, asthma will remain a significant health concern for children and adolescents.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.00423

Original Article

Pulmonology

Clinical course of children with postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans with versus without comorbid bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Lamia Medghoul, Julien Grosjean, Christophe Marguet, Hortense Petat

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(7):497-502. Published online April 1, 2025

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

Question: Postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) is a chronic respiratory disease that typically develops in children after a severe respiratory infection. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is often comorbid in patients with PIBO.
Finding: Corticosteroid pulse therapy effectively manages PIBO with or without comorbid BPD, significantly reducing exacerbations and decreasing the daily requirement for inhaled corticosteroids.
Meaning: Therapeutic effects of corticosteroid pulses are rapid and sustained over time, in both groups.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.00122

Cited By 70	Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among parents of neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Cited By 43	Community-acquired pneumonia in children: updated perspectives on its etiology, diagnosis, and treatment
Cited By 42	Global burden of asthma among children and adolescents with projections to 2050: a comprehensive review and forecasted modeling study
Cited By 42	Metabolic complications of obesity in children and adolescents
Cited By 41	Neonatal family-centered care: evidence and practice models

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