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Review Article
Endocrinology
Association between pre- and postnatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and birth and neurodevelopmental outcomes: an extensive review
Ozge Yesildemir, Mensure Nur Celik
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(7):328-346.   Published online November 16, 2023
· Sensitivity to endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) exposure increases during critical developmental periods (in embryos, fetuses, and neonates).
· Pre- and postnatal exposure to EDCs is associated with fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and low birth weight.
· Exposure to EDCs during fetal and early postnatal life can have lasting and lifelong neurodevelopmental outcomes, including autism spectrum, attention deficit hyperactivity, and other cognitive and behavioral disorders.
Original Article
Neonatology (Perinatology)
Association between maternal coronavirus disease 2019 and transient tachypnea of the newborn: a single-center study
Sung Hee Lee, Ju Hyun Jin, Jong Ha Yoo, Shin Won Yoon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(11):493-500.   Published online October 24, 2023
Question: What are the adverse clinical outcomes of neonates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)–infected mothers?
Finding: Infants of mothers with COVID-19 were at significantly increased risk of transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN), use of noninvasive ventilation, and need for supplemental oxygen (P<0.05).
Meaning: Neonates of mothers with COVID-19 are at risk of TTN and require respiratory support. Close monitoring is essential to ensuring timely intervention if required.
Neurology
Long-term neurological cognitive, behavioral, functional, and quality of life outcomes after fetal myelomeningocele closure: a systematic review
Andre Marolop Pangihutan Siahaan, Martin Susanto, Sarma Nursani Lumbanraja, Dwi Herawati Ritonga
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(1):38-45.   Published online November 30, 2022
· Fetal myelomeningocele closure significantly improved long-term neurological cognitive, behavioral, functional, and quality of life outcomes, most likely by reducing hydrocephalus rates.
· However, fetal myelomeningocele closure is associated with a significant risk of pregnancy complications, especially premature rupture of membranes and preterm delivery.
Review Article
Neurology
Cognitive outcomes in late childhood and adolescence of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
Bo Lyun Lee, Hannah C. Glass
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(12):608-618.   Published online May 24, 2021
∙ Cognitive impairments occur in children with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) even without neuromotor deficits.
∙ Therapeutic hypothermia has improved neurodevelopmental outcomes of children with HIE; however, 40% of children remain at risk of death/disability or cognitive impairments necessitating the development of adjunctive neuroprotective therapies.
∙ Long-term follow-up until adolescence is required to identify cognitive dysfunction.
∙ A pattern of watershed injury on brain imaging is associated with poor cognitive outcomes.
Original Article
Neonatology (Perinatology)
Perinatal outcome and possible vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 2019: experience from North India
Ritu Sharma, Shikha Seth, Rakhee Sharma, Sanju Yadav, Pinky Mishra, Sujaya Mukhopadhyay
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(5):239-246.   Published online February 16, 2021
Question: Is there any risk of vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and what is its neonatal profile?
Finding: Biological samples for vertical transmission were negative in all deliveries; however, 2 neonates tested positive for nasopharyngeal COVID-19 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. No significant neonatal morbidity was observed.
Meaning: COVID-19 does not increase adverse neonatal outcomes and shows a negligible risk of vertical transmission; however, horizontal transmission cannot be underestimated.
New modified version of the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery category and mortality in premature infants with critical congenital heart disease
Young Mi Yoon, Seong Phil Bae, Yoon-Joo Kim, Jae Gun Kwak, Woong-Han Kim, Mi Kyoung Song, Seung Han Shin, Ee-Kyung Kim, Han-Suk Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(10):395-401.   Published online July 15, 2020
Questions: This study aimed to describe the survival of premature infants with critical congenital heart disease (CHD) and to identify the risk factors including the new modified version of the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (M-RACHS) associated with mortality.
Finding: For premature infants with critical CHD, survival rate was 76.9% and very low birth weight (VLBW), persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and M-RACHS 5 or more were associated with in-hospital mortality.
Meaning: VLBW, PPHN and BPD, as well as M-RACHS≥5, were risk factors for mortality among premature infants with critical CHD.
Review Article
Other
Review of epidemiological studies on air pollution and health effects in children
Jong-Tae Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(1):3-11.   Published online June 10, 2020
This review summarized the accumulated epidemiologic evidence with emphasis on studies conducted in Korea and heterogeneity in the literature. Based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses, there is consistent evidence on the association between exposure to ambient air pollution and children’s health, especially respiratory health and adverse birth outcomes, and growing evidence on neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Original Article
Neonatology (Perinatology)
Long-term cognitive, executive, and behavioral outcomes of moderate and late preterm at school age
Ju Hyun Jin, Shin Won Yoon, Jungeun Song, Seong Woo Kim, Hee Jung Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(6):219-225.   Published online September 25, 2019
Question: Infants born at moderate to late preterm gestations are known to have little problem later on, but is that really true?
Finding: At school age, cognitive problem was observed in about a quarter of the children. In addition, more than half of the children was suspected of having attention problems.
Meaning: Moderate to late preterm infants are at risk of developing abnormal intelligence and attention problems at early school age, therefore they should not be neglected on longterm follow-up evaluation.
Review Article
Neonatology (Perinatology)
Practice for preterm patent ductus arteriosus; focusing on the hemodynamic significance and the impact on the neonatal outcomes
Jin A Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2019;62(7):245-251.   Published online April 8, 2019
Hemodynamically significant preterm patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) affects mortality; comorbidities such as necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia; and adverse long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants, particularly in very low birth weight infants. However, recent studies have indicated that there is no consensus on the causal relationship between PDA and neonatal outcomes, the benefit of PDA treatment, the factors...
Original Article
Hematology and Oncology
Lymphocyte-monocyte ratio at day 14 of first cisplatin-doxorubicin chemotherapy is associated with treatment outcome of pediatric patients with localized osteosarcoma
Jun Ah Lee, Hea Lin Oh, Dong Ho Kim, Jung Sub Lim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2019;62(2):62-67.   Published online October 1, 2018

Purpose: We aimed to determine the prognostic significance of lymphocyte counts and the lymphocytemonocyte ratio (LMR) in pediatric patients with osteosarcoma. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 27 pediatric patients with localized extremity osteosarcoma, treated at the Korea Cancer Center Hospital between May 2002 and March 2016. Leukocyte counts and LMR before treatment and on day 14 (LMR14) of...
Cardiology
The outcome of percutaneous stent implantation in congenital heart disease: experience of a single institute
Moon Sun Kim, Ja Kyoung Yoon, Seong Ho Kim, Ji Seok Bang, So Ick Jang, Sang Yoon Lee, Eun Young Choi, Su Jin Park, Hye Won Kwon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2018;61(6):187-193.   Published online June 25, 2018
Purpose

The efficacy of percutaneous stent implantation for congenital heart disease (CHD) in Korea, where stent availability is limited, has not been determined. This study evaluated the acute and midterm results of stent implantation in different CHD subgroups.

Methods

Stents were implanted in 75 patients with 81 lesions: (1) pulmonary artery stenosis (PAS) group, 56 lesions in 51 patients; (2) coarctation of the...

Clinical features and short-term outcomes of pediatric acute fulminant myocarditis in a single center
Eun Young Lee, Hae Lyoung Lee, Hyung Tae Kim, Hyoung Doo Lee, Ji Ae Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2014;57(11):489-495.   Published online November 30, 2014
Purpose

The aims of this study were to document our single-center experience with pediatric acute fulminant myocarditis (AFM) and to investigate its clinical features and short-term outcomes.

Methods

We performed a retrospective chart review of all children <18 years old who were diagnosed with AFM between October 2008 and February 2013. Data about patient demographics, initial symptoms, investigation results, management, and outcomes between...

Review Article
Efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment for children born small for gestational age
Il Tae Hwang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2014;57(9):379-383.   Published online September 30, 2014

Recombinant growth hormone (GH) is an effective treatment for short children who are born small for gestational age (SGA). Short children born SGA who fail to demonstrate catch-up growth by 2-4 years of age are candidates for GH treatment initiated to achieve catch-up growth to a normal height in early childhood, maintain a normal height gain throughout childhood, and achieve...

Original Article
Outcomes of chronic dialysis in Korean children with respect to survival rates and causes of death
Hye Jin Chang, Kyoung Hee Han, Min Hyun Cho, Young Seo Park, Hee Gyung Kang, Hae Il Cheong, Il Soo Ha
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2014;57(3):135-139.   Published online March 31, 2014
Purpose

Adult Korean patients on chronic dialysis have a 9-year survival rate of 50%, with cardiovascular problems being the most significant cause of death. The 2011 annual report of the North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies group reported 3-year survival rates of 93.4% and relatively poorer survival in younger patients.

Methods

In this study, we have reviewed data from Korean Pediatric...

Long-term follow-up of Fanconi anemia: clinical manifestation and treatment outcome
Byung Gyu Yoon, Hee Na Kim, Ui Joung Han, Hae In Jang, Dong Kyun Han, Hee Jo Baek, Tai Ju Hwang, Hoon Kook
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2014;57(3):125-134.   Published online March 31, 2014
Purpose

The aim of this study was to characterize Korean patients with Fanconi anemia (FA), which is a rare but very challenging genetic disease.

Methods

The medical records of 12 FA patients diagnosed at Chonnam National University Hospital from 1991 to 2012 were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

The median age at diagnosis was 6.2 years. All patients showed evidence of marrow failure and one or more...

Continuous renal replacement therapy in neonates weighing less than 3 kg
Young Bae Sohn, Kyung Hoon Paik, Hee Yeon Cho, Su Jin Kim, Sung Won Park, Eun Sun Kim, Yun Sil Chang, Won-Soon Park, Yoon-Ho Choi, Dong-Kyu Jin
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2012;55(8):286-292.   Published online August 23, 2012
Purpose

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is becoming the treatment of choice for supporting critically ill pediatric patients. However, a few studies present have reported CRRT use and outcome in neonates weighing less than 3 kg. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical application, outcome, and complications of CRRT in small neonates.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed in 8...

A study on the measurement of the nucleated red blood cell (nRBC) count based on birth weight and its correlation with perinatal prognosis in infants with very low birth weights
Tae Hwan Kil, Ji Yeon Han, Jun Bum Kim, Gyeong Ok Ko, Young Hyeok Lee, Kil Young Kim, Jae Woo Lim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2011;54(2):69-78.   Published online February 28, 2011
Purpose

The aim of this study was conducted to investigate the mean nRBC count in very low births weight infants (VLBWIs) and to determine the usefulness of the nRBC as an independent prognostic factors of perinatal complications in VLBWIs.

Methods

This study was conducted on 112 VLBWIs who were hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of the author's hospital within the...

Multiple births conceived by assisted reproductive technology in Korea
Young Sil Park, Sun Hee Choi, Kye Shik Shim, Ji Young Chang, Won Ho Hahn, Yong Sung Choi, Chong-Woo Bae
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2010;53(10):880-885.   Published online October 31, 2010
Purpose

The recent trends of multiple births (MBs) conceived by assisted reproductive technology (ART) in Korea were analyzed as well as the relationship with maternal age, especially advanced maternal age.

Methods

Data were obtained from the Korean Statistical Information Service and annual ART reports from the ART committee of the Korean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Results

MBs increased from the early 1990s; there was...

Clinical outcome of acute myocarditis in children according to treatment modalities
Hyun Jung Kim, Gyeong-Hee Yoo, Hong Ryang Kil
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2010;53(7):745-752.   Published online July 31, 2010
Purpose

There is currently little evidence to support intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) therapy for pediatric myocarditis. The purpose of our retrospective study was to assess the effects of IVIG therapy in patients with presumed myocarditis on survival and recovery of ventricular function and to determine the factors associated with its poor outcome.

Methods

We reviewed all consecutive cases of patients with myocarditis with...

Effect of severe neonatal morbidities on long term outcome in extremely low birthweight infants
Kyo Yeon Koo, Jeong Eun Kim, Soon Min Lee, Ran Namgung, Min Soo Park, Kook In Park, Chul Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2010;53(6):694-700.   Published online June 23, 2010
Purpose

To assess the validity of individual and combined prognostic effects of severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), brain injury, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis (PNAC).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 80 extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of the Severance Children's Hospital, and who survived to a postmenstrual age of...

Long-term outcomes of infantile spasms
Seak Hee Oh, Eun-Hye Lee, Min-Hee Joung, Mi-Sun Yum, Tae-Sung Ko
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2010;53(1):80-84.   Published online January 15, 2010
Purpose : The aims of this study were to investigate the long-term outcomes in children with infantile spasms (IS) and to identify the prognostic factors influencing their neurodevelopment. Methods : We retrospectively evaluated seventy two children over five years old who were treated for IS at Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, between 1994 and 2007. Forty-three children were contacted by telephone...
Outcome and risk factors of pediatric hemato-oncology patients admitted in pediatric intensive care unit
Bo Eun Kim, Eun Ju Ha, Keun Wook Bae, Seongguk Kim, Ho Joon Im, Jong Jin Seo, Seong Jong Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(10):1153-1160.   Published online October 15, 2009
Purpose : To evaluate the risk factors for mortality and prognostic factors in pediatric hemato-oncology patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of pediatric hemato-oncology patients admitted at the PICU of the Asan Medical Center between September 2005 and July 2008. Patients admitted at the PICU for perioperative or terminal...
Changes in the outcomes of neonatal intensive care unit at a single center over 12 years
Hyun-Hee Lee, Tae-Yeon Kim, Seon-Hee Shin, Tae-Jung Sung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(8):881-887.   Published online August 15, 2009

Purpose:The survival rate of very low birth weight infant (VLBWI) had increased as a result of advances in neonatal intensive care. We evaluated the changes in outcomes of VLBWI who admitted to the neonatal care unit of Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital. Methods:Retrospective review of 339 VLBWI who were born from 1st January 1997 to 31th December 2008 were performed. Outcomes including survival...
Serum methotrexate level is inversely related to the outcome of osteosarcoma patients
Jun Ah Lee, Min Suk Kim, Jin Kyung Lee, Dong Ho Kim, Young Joon Hong, Won Seok Song, Wan Hyeong Cho, Soo-Yong Lee, Jung Sub Lim, Kyung Duk Park, Dae-Geun Jeon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(5):581-587.   Published online May 15, 2009
Purpose : To evaluate the correlation between serum methotrexate (MTX) peak levels and clinical outcome of osteosarcoma, as well as to determine the correlation of these levels with the histologic response and event-free survival (EFS). Methods : To maintain the homogeneity of the study population, we selected 52 patients with localized extremity osteosarcoma who had received two cycles of neoadjuvant...
Incidence and outcome of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract detected by prenatal ultrasonography: a single center study
Gina Lim, Joo Hoon Lee, Young Seo Park, Kun Seok Kim, Hye-Sung Won
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(4):464-470.   Published online April 15, 2009
Purpose : This study assessed the incidence and outcome of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) detected by prenatal ultrasonography Methods : There were 906 cases of CAKUT detected by prenatal ultrasonography and postnatally confirmed at the Asan Medical Center from October 1989 to October 2007. We investigated the incidence and outcome of these cases by reviewing medical...
Short-term clinical outcomes of late preterm infants
Ji Youn Na, Narimi Park, Eun Sun Kim, Jin-A Lee, Gyu Hong Shim, Jin-A Lee, Chang Won Choi, Ee-Kyung Kim, Han-Suk Kim, Beyong Il Kim, Jung-Hwan Choi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(3):303-309.   Published online March 15, 2009
Purpose : To identify the short-term clinical outcomes of late preterm infants and to test the hypothesis that late preterm infants have more clinical problems during the early postnatal period than term infants. Methods : One hundred late preterm infants [gestational age (GA) 34+0-36+6 weeks] and the same number of term infants (GA 37+0-41+6 weeks) were randomly selected from 289 late...
Review Article
Neurodevelopmental outcomes of very low birth weight infants and extremely low birth weight infants in Korea, 1984-2008
In Kyung Sung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(1):14-21.   Published online January 15, 2009
Neurodevelopmental outcomes of very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) and extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWI) in Korea on 14 reports from 1984 to 2008 were analyzed. Follow-up rates were varied from 42.9% to 90.2%. Duration of follow-up ranged from 4 months to 5 years. The prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP) of VLBWI was as follows: 4.3-5.3% in 1980s, 7.1-9.1...
Original Article
The clinical manifestations, the short- and long-term outcomes of Bartter syndrome
Hye Won Park, Joo Hoon Lee, Young Seo Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(12):1231-1240.   Published online December 15, 2007
Purpose : Bartter syndrome is a renal tubular defect in electrolyte transport characterized by hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis and other clinical signs and symptoms. The aims of this study were to analyze the clinical manifestations and the short- and long-term outcomes of Bartter syndrome. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed clinical history, laboratory finding of blood and urine, renal ultrasonography, and hearing...
Clinical characteristics and prognosis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis based on the lesions on MRI
Sunghoon Chung, Sungsin Park, Sajun Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(9):891-895.   Published online September 15, 2007
Purpose : Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and mostly develops after viral illness or vaccinations. We investigated the clinical differences and neurologic outcomes according to the distribution of the lesions on brain MRI. Methods : The study group was composed of 21 patients from January 1995 to August 2003 in Kyunghee University hospital....
Comparison of neonatal outcomes between the spontaneous and in vitro fertilization twin pregnancies
Hee Moon Kim, Jeong Won Lee, Seon Hee Shin, Sung Koo Kim, Tae Jung Sung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(8):740-745.   Published online August 15, 2007
Purpose : There is a dominant opinion that in vitro fertilization (IVF) leads to an increased incidence of twins, low birth weight (LBW) infants, prematurity and mortality. On the other hand, technical development of IVF and improvement of neonatal intensive care have increased the survival rate of neonates. The purpose of this study was to verify the tendency by comparing...
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