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Review Article
Diagnosis and treatment of nocturnal enuresis in children
Chang Hee Hong, Minki Baek, Seong Ho Lee, Jeong Won Lee, Ki-Soo Pai
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(11):1140-1146.   Published online November 15, 2008
Nocturnal enuresis is a heterogeneous disorder with various underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and causes a mismatch between the nocturnal bladder capacity and the amount of urine produced during sleep at night. It is associated with a simultaneous failure of conscious arousal in response to the sensation of bladder fullness. Generally, a complete history and physical examination, with a specific focus on...
Urinary incontinence
Jung Won Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(11):1136-1139.   Published online November 15, 2008
The genitourinary tract and gastrointestinal system are interdependent but share the same embryological origin, pelvic region, and sacral innervation. Although children with voiding disturbances often present with bowel dysfunction, this coexistence was considered coincidental until recently. However, it is now accepted that dysfunction in emptying of both systems is interrelated. Afferent impulses carrying sensory information are transmitted through the spinal...
The use of fluoroquinolone in children
Jae Kyun Hur
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(10):1042-1046.   Published online October 15, 2008
The fluoroquinolones are an important group of antibiotics widely used in the treatment of various infectious diseases in adults, as a result of an excellent spectrum of activity, good tissue penetration and convenient ways of administration. In recent decades, there has been extensive development, clinical investigation, licensure and use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics. However, the use of fluoroquinolones in children has...
Once daily dosing of aminoglycoside in children
Seon Hee Shin
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(10):1038-1041.   Published online October 15, 2008
Aminoglycosides are frequently used antibiotics in children. The multiple daily dosing (MDD) in infants and children is twice or three times daily depending on age. Recent studies in adults have shown that once daily dosing (ODD) maximizes the bactericidal activity and might minimize the toxicity of antibiotics. So, I reviewed many studies about efficacy, toxicity and cost effectiveness of ODD...
Emergence of macrolide resistance and clinical use of macrolide antimicrobials in children
Eun Hwa Choi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(10):1031-1037.   Published online October 15, 2008
Macrolide antimicrobial agents including erythromycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin are commonly used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections in children. Newer macrolides that have structural modifications of older drug erythromycin show improved change in the spectrum of activity, dosing, and administration. However, recent studies reported that increasing use of macrolide antibiotics is the main force driving the development of...
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
So-Hee Eun, Baik-Lin Eun
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(9):935-943.   Published online September 15, 2008
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral developmental disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity, as well as forgetfulness, poor impulse control or impulsivity, and distractibility. The recommended evaluation includes documenting the type and severity of ADHD symptoms, verifying the presence of normal vision and hearing, screening for comorbid psychological conditions, reviewing the child`s developmental history...
Speech and language disorders in children
Hee Jung Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(9):922-934.   Published online September 15, 2008
Developmental language disorder is the most common developmental disability in childhood, occurring in 5-8% of preschool children. Children learn language in early childhood, and later they use language to learn. Children with language disorders are at increased risk for difficulties with reading and written language when they enter school. These problems often persist through adolescence or adulthood. Early intervention may...
Pediatric approach to early detection of learning disabilities
In Kyung Sung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(9):911-921.   Published online September 15, 2008
Learning disabilities (LD) are heterogeneous group of disorders with evidences of genetic or familial trait, intrinsic to the individual and presume to be due to central nervous dysfunction. Learning disabilities and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are the two of the most common disorders in the population of school-age children. Typically academic achievements in children with learning disabilities are significantly...
Lymphadenopathy
Nack-Gyun Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(8):797-803.   Published online August 15, 2008
Lymphadenopathy is a common problem in children and adolescents. A wide variety of diseases and conditions may present as lymphadenopathy and an understanding of these conditions is essential to determine the most appropriate diagnostic work-up for each patient. A detailed history and physical examination with careful attention to the anatomical regions drained by the involved lymph node or mass often...
Malignancies in children who present with bone pain
Jun Ah Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(8):792-796.   Published online August 15, 2008
Bone pain in a child could be associated with cancer as an initial manifestation of the disease. The childhood malignancies that frequently present bone pain are leukemia, neuroblastoma, and primary bone tumors such as osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma. Persistent bone or joint pain associated with swelling, mass, or limitation of motion implies underlying serious causes. Systemic manifestations such as lymphadenopathy,...
Differential diagnosis of abdominal masses in children
Ki Woong Sung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(8):787-791.   Published online August 15, 2008
Enlargement of organs or other solid tissues usually presents as an abdominal mass. Often, abdominal masses in children are found by an unsuspected parent or by a physician during a routine examination. Most masses have no specific signs or symptoms. Abdominal masses in children require immediate attention. History and physical examination may provide clues to the diagnosis. Ultrasound examination is...
The epidemiology and present status of chronic hepatitis B in Korean children
Byung-Ho Choe
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(7):696-703.   Published online July 15, 2008
Korea is now classified as an area of intermediate endemicity for hepatitis B virus (HBV), due to the implementation of universal HBV vaccination and national preventive programs for HBV infection. A national program of HBV vaccination was launched in Korea in 1988 for school-going children and was listed on a vaccination guideline in 1991. In 1995, universal vaccination for newborn...
Current status of hepatitis A virus infections in Korea
Hee-Shang Youn
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(7):690-695.   Published online July 15, 2008
The age-specific anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) seroprevalence rates in South Korea have changed markedly since the last 2030 years with an improvement in the socio-economic, housing, and environmental-sanitation conditions. These changes are characterized by very low anti-HAV seropositive rates among individuals less than 30 years of age; however, nowadays, most adolescents and young adults at an increased risk of developing...
Epidemiologic characteristics of type 1 diabetes in children aged 14 years or under in Korea, 1985-2000
Choong Ho Shin
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(6):569-575.   Published online June 15, 2008
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) develops in genetically susceptible individuals as a result of progressive autoimmune destruction of beta cells. There is a large global variation in incidence among children aged 0-14 years. The incidence of T1DM in Korea is very low. The latest survey in Korea was conducted in 2001 by the Korean Society of Pediatrics to analyze ...
Epidemiology of the metabolic syndrome among Korean children and adolescents
Mi Jung Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(6):564-568.   Published online June 15, 2008
The prevalence of obesity in Korean children is estimated to be around 10%, and has increased significantly over the past 20 years. Metabolic syndrome, which includes central obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, is a well documented risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, but there is no general consensus concerning its definition for children. In this study, ablut 30-40%...
The prevalence of pediatric endocrine and metabolic diseases in Korea
Dong Hwan Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(6):559-563.   Published online June 15, 2008
The government neonatal screening program has a 17-years history. Therefore, it can now provide information on the prevalence of endocrine and metabolic diseases which included in neonatal screening. Knowledge of the prevalence of metabolic diseases is very important with these results, the most effective screening methods can be determined and diseases can be identified that should be added to neonatal...
Cardiovascular complications after Kawasaki disease and its management
Gi Young Jang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(5):462-467.   Published online May 15, 2008
Kawasaki disease is a systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology, usually occurring in infants and young children. Although the etiology of Kawasaki disease remains uncertain, its serious complicationssuch as giant aneurysm formation, coronary arterial stenotic lesions, and thrombotic occlusionhave been proven to cause myocardial ischemia or infarction in patients with Kawasaki disease. To prevent and treat these complications, several modes of...
Update on treatment in acute stage of Kawasaki disease
Ji Whan Han
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(5):457-461.   Published online May 15, 2008
Kawasaki disease (KD) was first described by Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki in his 1975 study, published in Pediatrics. Its pathogenesis is still not clearly understood. Early diagnosis and treatment are very important to preventing concomitant coronary artery complications. Most KD patients respond well to the standard treatment of aspirin and intravenous immunoglobulin; however, some of them are refractory to the standard...
Epidemiology of Kawasaki disease in Korea
Yong Won Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(5):452-456.   Published online May 15, 2008
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute, self-limited vasculitis of unknown etiology that occurs predominantly in infants and young children. Initially described in 1967 by Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki, it is now the most common cause of acquired heart disease among children in developed nations. Although KD has been reported across all racial and ethnic groups, the incidence of KD is more...
Ethical considerations in publication of medical papers
Chong-Woo Bae
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(5):447-451.   Published online May 15, 2008
It is fair to say that there are many ethical issues concerning the publication of medical papers. To define the best practice in the ethics of scientific publishing and a proper understanding of appropriate reporting in medical papers, this review should be useful for authors dealing with ethical issues which involve the protection of human and animal rights, the protection...
Characteristics of allergic pollens and the recent increase of sensitization rate to weed pollen in childhood in Korea
Jae-Won Oh
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(4):355-361.   Published online April 15, 2008
Pollen is very important causing factor for allergy such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and asthma, and pollen allergy has a remarkable clinical impact all over Korea. The main pollination period covers about half the year, from spring to autumn, and the distribution of airborne pollen taxa of allergological interest is related to pollen season dynamics. Korean academy of pediatric...
Epidemiology of anaphylaxis in Korean children
Dae Hyun Lim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(4):351-354.   Published online April 15, 2008
Anaphylaxis is an acute systemic reaction caused by IgE-mediated immunological release of mediators from mast cells and basophils to allergenic triggers, such as food, insect venoms, and medications. An alternative definition was recently proposed as follows: anaphylaxis is a "condition caused by an IgE mediated reaction" that is "often life threatening and almost always unanticipated." The reaction can be severe enough to lead...
The prevalences of asthma and allergic diseases in Korean children
Soo-Jong Hong, Kang-Mo Ahn, Soo-Young Lee, Kyu-Earn Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(4):343-350.   Published online April 15, 2008
Asthma and allergic diseases are one of the most common disorders in children. Due to its increased prevalence, as well as the increased morbidity and mortality from these diseases, asthma and allergic diseases have come to be recognized as a major worldwide public health issue. In addition, socioeconomic burden of asthma and allergic diseases has increased in Korea also. The...
A suggestion of health insurance for children
Baik-Lin Eun
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(4):339-342.   Published online April 15, 2008
The Korean Health Insurance (KHI) has been introduced since 1977 and it took only 12 years that KHI had accomplished the total coverage of Korean population. The remarkable success of KHI can be compared with other OECD countries which had taken some 30 years to over 100 years to establish the total coverage of the population. Life expectancy at birth...
Current status of neonatal intensive care units in Korea
Son-Moon Shin
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(3):243-247.   Published online March 15, 2008
Neonatal intensive care in Korea has improved remarkably since the 1990s, but there is still a shortage of facilities and equipment in NICUs. Only 71.1% of the beds needed for neonatal intensive care are available. Mechanical ventilators are not appropriately distributed to the NICUs that are equipped to handle neonatal intensive care. The number of doctors is far too small,...
Trends in survival rate for very low birth weight infants and extremely low birth weight infants in Korea, 1967-2007
Ki-Soo Kim, Chung-Woo Bae
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(3):237-242.   Published online March 15, 2008
To investigate the trends in the survival rate (SR) for very low birth weight infants (VLBW) and extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWI) in Korea, a total of 43 articles pertaining to SR were analyzed, covering the years from 1967 to 2007. The changes in SR were compared using 5 year periods. The SR for VLBWI has increased remarkably, from...
Changes in birth rates of low birth weight and premature infants in Korea over the past 7 years
Min Hee Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(3):233-236.   Published online March 15, 2008
In recent years, Korea has experienced a steadily declining birth rate, which is a serious social problem in the country. Although living conditions have improved, the birth rates for low birth weight infants and preterm babies has increased because more and more women choose to give birth later in life and the social environment has changed. The rise in low...
Overview of the national health screening program for infant and children
Baik-Lin Eun, Seong Woo Kim, Young Key Kim, Jung Wook Kim, Jin Soo Moon, Su Kyung Park, In Kyung Sung, Son Moon Shin, Sun Mi Yoo, So Hee Eun, Hea Kyoung Lee, Hyun Taek Lim, Hee Jung Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(3):225-232.   Published online March 15, 2008
The mission of National Health Screening Program for Infant and Children is to promote and improve the health, education, and well-being of infants, children, families, and communities. Although the term 'diagnosis' usually relates to pathology, a similar diagnostic approach applies to the child seen primarily for health supervision. In the case of health, diagnosis determines the selection of appropriate health...
Preventive dentistry for children
Jin Bom Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(2):129-133.   Published online February 15, 2008
Dental caries is the first disease to cause the pathological extraction of teeth in children. The complete prevention of dental caries is not achieved by toothbrushing alone. The use of fluoride and pit and fissure sealant is regarded as key tools to prevent dental caries. Fluoride-containing tablets or multi-vitamins and community water fluoridation can be used as systemic application techniques....
The common orthopedic problems in parent's concern
Dong Eun Shin, Byung Ho Yoon, Ju Hwan Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(2):122-128.   Published online February 15, 2008
Roughly one third of medical problems in children are related to the musculoskeletal system. Most of these problems are common and can be precisely diagnosed. For these problems, nonoperative treatment or reassurance can be given by the pediatrician. Occasionally, a problem needs surgical treatment, but a precise diagnosis must be made. There is little agreement about what types of orthopedic...
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