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Review Article

Virtual reality for managing pain and fear and anxiety during pediatric needle procedures: an umbrella review

Thomas Saliba, Guillaume Fahrni

Needle-involving procedures often cause significant pain and anxiety, particularly in the pediatric population. Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a nonpharmacological tool for alleviating these effects. However, the methodological quality and consistency of current meta-analyses of VR tools remain unclear. Here we performed an umbrella review to evaluate published meta-analyses that assessed the ability of VR to reduce pain, fear,...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2026.01221 [Accepted]

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