1. McGill HC Jr, McMahan CA, Zieske AW, Malcom GT, Tracy RE, Strong JP. Effects of nonlipid risk factors on atherosclerosis in youth with a favorable lipoprotein profile. Circulation 2001;103:1546–50.
2. Kavey RE, Daniels SR, Lauer RM, Atkins DL, Hayman LL, Taubert K. American Heart Association guidelines for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease beginning in childhood. Circulation 2003;107:1562–66.
4. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the management of blood choleterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation 2019;139:e1082–143.
5. de Ferranti SD, Steinberger J, Ameduri R, Baker A, Gooding H, Kelly AS, et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk pediatric patients: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019;139:e603–34.
6. Christensen B, Glueck C, Kwiterovich P, Degroot I, Chase G, Heiss G, et al. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride distributions in 13,665 children and adolescents: The Prevalence Study of the Lipid Research Clinics Program. Pediatr Res 1980;14:194–202.
11. Ministry of Health and Welfare; Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019 National Health Statistics, 8th National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: First Year (2019). Cheongju (Korea): Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020.
15. Kliegman RM, St Geme III JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 21st ed. . Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier Health Sciences, 2020.
17. Delvin E, Souberbielle JC, Viard JP, Salle B. Role of vitamin D in acquired immune and autoimmune diseases. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2014;51:232–47.
18. Christensen R, Lorenzen JK, Svith CR, Bartels EM, Melanson EL, Saris WH, et al. Effect of calcium from dairy and dietary supplements on faecal fat excretion: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev 2009;10:475–86.
19. Cho HJ, Kang HC, Choi SA, Ju YC, Lee HS, Park HJ. The possible role of Ca2+ on the activation of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in rat hepatocytes. Biol Pharm Bull 2005;28:1418–23.
20. Vaskonen T, Mervaala E, Sumuvuori V, Seppanen-Laakso T, Karppanen H. Effects of calcium and plant sterols on serum lipids in obese Zucker rats on a low-fat diet. Br J Nutr 2002;87:239–45.
21. Lacour B, Basile C, Drueke T, Funck-Brentano JL. Parathyroid function and lipid metabolism in the rat. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1982;7:157–65.
22. Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VL, Saad MF. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:820–5.
24. Burgaz A, Orsini N, Larsson SC, Wolk A. Blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and hypertension: a meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2011;29:636–45.
25. Jiang X, Peng M, Chen S, Wu S, Zhang W. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with dyslipidemia: a cross-sectional study in 3788 subjects. Curr Med Res Opin 2019;35:1059–63.
26. Kelishadi R, Farajzadegan Z, Bahreynian M. Association between vitamin D status and lipid profile in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014;65:404–10.
27. Ha CD, Cho JK, Lee SH, Kang HS. Serum vitamin D, physical activity, and metabolic risk factors in Korean children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013;45:102–8.
28. Lee SH, Kim SM, Park HS, Choi KM, Cho GJ, Ko BJ, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, obesity and the metabolic syndrome among Korean children. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013;23:785–91.
29. Nam GE, Kim DH, Cho KH, Park YG, Han KD, Kim SM, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D insufficiency is associated with cardiometabolic risk in Korean adolescents: the 2008-2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Public Health Nutr 2014;17:186–94.
33. Challoumas D. Vitamin D supplementation and lipid profile: what does the best available evidence show? Atherosclerosis 2014;235:130–9.
35. Khayyatzadeh SS, Mirmoosavi SJ, Fazeli M, Abasalti Z, Avan A, Javandoost A, et al. High-dose vitamin D supplementation is associated with an improvement in several cardio-metabolic risk factors in adolescent girls: a nine-week follow-up study. Ann Clin Biochem 2018;55:227–35.
37. Hauger H, Laursen RP, Ritz C, Mølgaard C, Lind MV, Damsgaard CT. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on cardiometabolic outcomes in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Nutr 2020;59:873–84.
38. Baumruker T, Csonga R, Pursch E, Pfeffer A, Urtz N, Sutton S, et al. Activation of mast cells by incorporation of cholesterol into rafts. Int Immunol 2003;15:1207–18.
39. Delvecchio CJ, Bilan P, Nair P, Capone JP. LXR-induced reverse cholesterol transport in human airway smooth muscle is mediated exclusively by ABCA1. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008;295:L949–57.
40. Shore SA. Obesity and asthma: possible mechanisms. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008;121:1087–93.
43. Perez MK, Piedimonte G. Metabolic asthma: is there a link between obesity, diabetes, and asthma? Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2014;34:777–84.
44. Goran M, Ball G, Cruz M. Obesity and risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1417–27.
45. Cottrell L, Neal WA, Ice C, Perez MK, Piedimonte G. Metabolic abnormalities in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:441–8.
46. Fenger RV, Gonzalez-Quintela A, Linneberg A, Husemoen LLN, Thuesen BH, Aadahl M, et al. The relationship of serum triglycerides, serum HDL, and obesity to the risk of wheezing in 85,555 adults. Respir Med 2013;107:816–24.
47. Su X, Ren Y, Li M, Zhao X, Kong L, Kang J. Association between lipid profile and the prevalence of asthma: a meta-analysis and systemic review. Curr Med Res Opin 2018;34:423–33.
49. Peng J, Huang Y. Meta-analysis of the association between asthma and serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017;118:61–5.
54. Boston PF, Dursun SM, Reveley MA. Cholesterol and mental disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1996;169:682–9.
55. Werner HB, Krämer-Albers EM, Strenzke N, Saher G, Tenzer S, Ohno-Iwashita Y, et al. A critical role for the cholesterol-associated proteolipids PLP and M6B in myelination of the central nervous system. Glia 2013;61:567–86.
56. Vevera J, Fišar Z, Kvasnička T, Zdenek H, Stárková L, Češka R, et al. Cholesterol-lowering therapy evokes time-limited changes in serotonergic transmission. Psychiatry Res 2005;133:197–203.
57. Engelberg H. Low serum cholesterol and suicide. Lancet 1992;339:727–9.
58. Beasley CL, Honer WG, von Bergmann K, Falkai P, Lütjohann D, Bayer TA. Reductions in cholesterol and synaptic markers in association cortex in mood disorders. Bipolar Disord 2005;7:449–55.
61. Wei YG, Cai DB, Liu J, Liu RX, Wang SB, Tang YQ, et al. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels in first-episode patients with major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. J Affect Disord 2020;266:465–72.
62. Oh J, Kim TS. Serum lipid levels in depression and suicidality: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2014. J Affect Disord 2017;213:51–8.
63. Shin HY, Kang G, Kang HJ, Kim SW, Shin IS, Yoon JS, et al. Associations between serum lipid levels and suicidal ideation among Korean older people. J Affect Disord 2016;189:192–8.
64. Apter A, Laufer N, Bar-Sever M, Har-Even D, Ofek H, Weizman A. Serum cholesterol, suicidal tendencies, impulsivity, aggression, and depression in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Biol Psychiatry 1999;46:532–41.
65. Plana T, Gracia R, Méndez I, Pintor L, Lazaro L, Castro-Fornieles J. Total serum cholesterol levels and suicide attempts in child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010;19:615–9.
67. Park JH, Jung SJ, Jung Y, Ahn SV, Lee E, Kim HC. Association between the change of total cholesterol during adolescence and depressive symptoms in early adulthood. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020;30:261–9.
68. Sung M, Rhie S, Kim JH, Lee SW, Ha EK, Jee HM, et al. Assessment of vitamin D, exercise, and lipid profile associated with excessive daytime sleepiness in school children. Sleep Med 2021;77:51–7.