Warning: fopen(/home/virtual/pediatrics/journal/upload/ip_log/ip_log_2024-03.txt) [function.fopen]: failed to open stream: Permission denied in /home/virtual/pediatrics/journal/ip_info/view_data.php on line 82

Warning: fwrite(): supplied argument is not a valid stream resource in /home/virtual/pediatrics/journal/ip_info/view_data.php on line 83
Scabies mimicking graft versus host disease in a hematopoietic cell transplant recipient

Scabies mimicking graft versus host disease in a hematopoietic cell transplant recipient

Article information

Korean J Pediatr. 2018;61(11):371-373
Publication date (electronic) : 2018 November 9
doi : https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2018.07199
1Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwasung, Korea
3Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
Corresponding author: Yae-Jean Kim, MD, PhD Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency, Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea Tel: +82-2-3410-0987 Fax: +82-2-3410-0043 E-mail: yaejeankim@skku.edu
Received 2018 October 24; Revised 2018 November 7; Accepted 2018 November 9.

Abstract

Scabies is a highly contagious skin infestation caused by the mite, Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. Complex responses to scabies mites in the innate, humoral, and cellular immune systems can cause skin inflammation and pruritus. Diagnosis can be challenging because scabies resembles other common skin conditions. We report the first Korean case of scabies in a hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipient, initially suspected of skin graft versus host disease (GVHD). A T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia patient underwent a sibling-matched allogeneic HCT and developed pruritus after cell engraftment. Treatment for GVHD did not improve the symptoms. He was diagnosed with scabies 30 days after the onset of symptoms.

Introduction

Scabies is a contagious skin infestation caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis [1]. The estimated prevalence of human scabies is about 300 million cases yearly in the world. Scabies occurs at all ages and at various socioeconomic levels [2]. Epidemics have been liked to poverty, poor water supply, poor sanitation, and overcrowding. Scabies generally causes intense itching sense and secondary bacterial infection can occur. There are also some reports of scabies outbreak in hospitals and nursing homes [3-5].

We describe the first Korean case of scabies in an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipient. The patient developed severe pruritus after engraftment, and graft versus host disease (GVHD) was suspected.

The Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea reviewed and approved this study (approval number: 2018-10-112). Informed conset was exempted by IRB.

Case report

A 13-year-old male patient with T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia underwent a sibling matched allogeneic HCT in February of 2010. As for conditioning regimen, he received total body irradiation, cytarabine, and cyclophosphamide. Neutrophil engraftment was achieved on posttransplant day 10. His pretransplant varicella zoster virus immunoglobulin (Ig) G was positive and he was on acyclovir prophylaxis and cyclosporine was given for GVHD prophylaxis.

On posttransplant day 12, he developed erythematous papular rash on face and trunk with pruritus. His white blood cell count was 16,670/μL (neutrophil 75%, lymphocyte 6%, eosinophil 0%). Grade 1 skin graft versus host disease (GVHD) was suspected. Until posttransplant day 21, skin lesions persisted and partial crusted lesions were observed (Fig. 1). He received multiple antihistamine agents and topical steroid but complained of severe itching sensation.

Fig. 1.

Erythematous papular rash with partial crusted lesions.

On posttransplant day 28, skin biopsy was performed after a consultation with dermatologists. Skin punch biopsy showed perivascular chronic inflammatory cell infiltration and cytoid body of basal layer (Fig. 2). Conservative treatment for pruritus and management for GVHD was recommended. Systemic corticosteroid, gabapentin, and lorazepam were added.

Fig. 2.

Perivascular chronic inflammatory cell infiltration and focal liquefaction degeneration of the basal layer with cytoid body (H&E, ×40).

On posttransplant day 42, a consultation was requested to the pediatric infectious diseases physicians for the evaluation of persistent intense itching sensation and any possible skin infection. When the infectious diseases team visited the patient and questioned, his mother and grandmother reported that they also developed papular rash with itching sensation. An urgent request for an additional evaluation was requested to a dermatologist. A contagious skin infection was suspected and direct smear from his finger web revealed numerous mites (Fig. 3). He was diagnosed with classic scabies and immediately discharged from the hospital because he was otherwise stable except the skin lesions. Crotamiton ointment was applied for treatment at home. Currently, crotamiton is not recommended by U.S. Food and Drug Administration with safety concerns.

Fig. 3.

Direct smear from hand web spaces revealing mites (white arrow).

After a week, pruritus subsided and skin lesions continued to improve during the 6 weeks of outpatient clinic follow-up visits.

An investigation was performed in all potentially exposed individuals in the hospital. Infection control intervention and environmental disinfection were also performed to prevent the institutional outbreak. There were no other scabies cases from this nosocomial exposure.

Discussion

This is the first Korean case of scabies in a 13-year-old acute leukemia patient who underwent HCT. The patient developed symptoms after the engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells and acute GVHD was mostly suspected. Scabies was diagnosed with additional history taking of family members after 30 days of symptom onset.

With improved sanitation, clinicians are unfamiliar with scabies. Scabies can be misdiagnosed as seborrheic dermatitis, eczematous dermatitis, impetigo, arthropod bites, and Langerhans cell histiocytosis [6]. In our case, patient’s clinical situation involving allogeneic HCT made us suspect GVHD with high priority. The number of HCT is increasing and there are various situations during the posttransplant period. Therefore, unusual infectious pathogens should be considered in patients with atypical skin conditions [7].

There are many studies about pathogenesis of scabies explaining complex innate, humoral, and cellular responses in human. Predominant CD8+ T cell infiltration and absence of B cells were demonstrated in skin lesions of crusted scabies indicating cellular immunity contribute to the inflammation [8]. Skin rash and itching sensation with scabies are associated with type I (immediate) and type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity [9]. In a prospective Australian study, serum IgE level was markedly elevated in 96% of scabies patients [10]. There are little data on immune response in a HCT setting. In our patient, he developed symptoms after the engraftment which represents beginning of immune recovery and also a usual period of acute GVHD development.

Previous reports of scabies among HCT recipients who developed symptoms within 100 days are described (Table 1). There were three pediatric patients including one in this report. All the pediatric patients underwent allogeneic HCT. Two children underwent skin biopsy and were initially diagnosed with skin GVHD. In all pediatric cases, it took more than 2 weeks to diagnose scabies.

Reports of scabies infestation in stem cell transplant recipient

In conclusion, although not common, clinicians should consider scabies as a possible condition in patients with unusual intense pruritus and additional itching persons in close contacts even in HCT recipients.

Notes

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

References

1. Romani L, Whitfeld MJ, Koroivueta J, Kama M, Wand H, Tikoduadua L, et al. Mass drug administration for scabies control in a population with endemic disease. N Engl J Med 2015;373:2305–13.
2. Chosidow O. Clinical practices. Scabies. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1718–27.
3. Park H, Lee C, Park S, Kwon H, Kweon SS. Scabies among elderly Korean patients with histories of leprosy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016;95:75–6.
4. Ahn YS, Lim HS. Occupational infectious diseases among Korean health care workers compensated with Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance from 1998 to 2004. Ind Health 2008;46:448–54.
5. Smith DR, Choi JW, Yu DS, Ki M, Oh CH, Yamagata Z. Skin disease among staff in a large Korean nursing home. Tohoku J Exp Med 2002;198:175–80.
6. Peterson CM, Eichenfield LF. Scabies. Pediatr Ann 1996;25:97–100.
7. Wang CX, Anadkat MJ, Musiek AC. Dermatologic conditions of the early post-transplant period in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Am J Clin Dermatol 2018;Oct. 8. [Epub]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-018-0391-4.
8. Walton SF, Beroukas D, Roberts-Thomson P, Currie BJ. New insights into disease pathogenesis in crusted (Norwegian) scabies: the skin immune response in crusted scabies. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:1247–55.
9. Bhat SA, Mounsey KE, Liu X, Walton SF. Host immune responses to the itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, in humans. Parasit Vectors 2017;10:385.
10. Roberts LJ, Huffam SE, Walton SF, Currie BJ. Crusted scabies: clinical and immunological findings in seventy-eight patients and a review of the literature. J Infect 2005;50:375–81.
11. Barnes L, McCallister RE, Lucky AW. Crusted (Norwegian) scabies. Occurrence in a child undergoing a bone marrow transplant. Arch Dermatol 1987;123:95–7.
12. Vyas P, Kinsey SE, Goldstone AH. Scabies infestation following autologous bone marrow transplantation. Leuk Lymphoma 1990;3:73–4.
13. Cheng VC, Yuen KY, Wong SS, Woo PC, Ho PL, Lee R, et al. Immunorestitution diseases in patients not infected with HIV. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001;20:402–6.
14. Ortega-Loayza AG, McCall CO, Nunley JR. Crusted scabies and multiple dosages of ivermectin. J Drugs Dermatol 2013;12:584–5.

Article information Continued

Fig. 1.

Erythematous papular rash with partial crusted lesions.

Fig. 2.

Perivascular chronic inflammatory cell infiltration and focal liquefaction degeneration of the basal layer with cytoid body (H&E, ×40).

Fig. 3.

Direct smear from hand web spaces revealing mites (white arrow).

Table 1.

Reports of scabies infestation in stem cell transplant recipient

Study Age/sex Underlying condition HCT type Sx onset* Skin condition Skin biopsy Day of diagnosis*
Barnes et al. [11] (1987) 4/M ALL Allogeneic D -13 Crusted papules on hands and feet N/A D +23
Vyas et al. [12] (1990) 23/F ALL Autologous D +18 Crusted hyperkeratotic burrow N/A D +38
Cheng et al. [13] (2001) 12/M Dyskeratosis congenita Allogeneic D +4 Erythematous nodules on scrotum Yes (skin N/A (skin biopsy on D +17)
Ortega-Loayza et al. [14] (2013) 61/M AML Allogeneic D +28 Erythematous papules and excoriations N/A N/A
Present study 13/M ALL Allogeneic D +12 Erythematous papules with partial crust Yes (skin GVHD) D +42

HCT, hematopoietic cell transplant; Sx, symptom; GVHD, graft versus host disease; ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; N/A, not available.

*

D 0, transplant day.