1. Fruh SM. Obesity: Risk factors, complications, and strategies for sustainable long-term weight management. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2017;29(Suppl 1): S3–14.
2. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet 2017;390:2627–42.
3. Ismail NW, Sivadas S, Said R, Rahman AA. Urban child health: does parent characteristics matter? Int J Econ Stud 2021;15:349–65.
4. Institute for Public Health (IPH) 2022. Technical Report National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2022: Adolescent Health Survey, Malaysia. Putrajaya (Malaysia): Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2022.
6. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Syst Rev 2021;10:89.
7. Munn Z, Moola S, Lisy K, Riitano D, Tufanaru C. Systematic reviews of prevalence and incidence. In: Aromatis E, Munn Z, editors. JBI manual for evidence synthesis. Adelaide (Australia): Joanna Briggs Institute, 2020.
8. de Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J. Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ 2007;85:660–7.
10. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, Grummer-Strawn LM, Flegal KM, Mei Z, et al. 2000 CDC growth charts for the United States: methods and development. Vital Health Stat 11 2002;(246):1–190.
12. Zalilah MS, Mirnalini K, Khor GL, Merlin A, Bahaman AS, Norimah K. Estimates and distribution of body mass index in a sample of Malaysian adolescents. Med J Malaysia 2006;61:48–58.
13. Lekhraj Rampal GR, Mohd Sidik S, Rampal S, Daniel Wong YJ, Chow PL, Liew JS, et al. Prevalence of overweight among secondary school students in Klang District, Selangor. Malays J Nutr 2007;13:1–8.
14. Moy FM, Gan CY, Zaleha MK. Body mass status of school children and adolescents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2004;13:324–9.
19. Khor GL Jr, Noor Safiza MN, Jamalludin AB, Jamaiyah H, Geeta A, Kee CC, et al. Nutritional status of children below five years in Malaysia: anthropometric analyses from the Third National Health and Morbidity Survey III (NHMS, 2006). Malays J Nutr 2009;15:121–36.
20. Lee PY, Cheah Wl, Chang CT, Siti Raudzah G. Childhood obesity, self-esteem and health-related quality of life among urban primary schools children in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. Malays J Nutr 2012;18:207–19.
21. Alagappan M, Rampal L, Zalilah MS. Prevalence of overweight/obesity and its associated factors among secondary school students in semi urban area in Malaysia. Med J Malaysia 2019;74:513–20.
22. Ojo QE, Suriani I, Huda B. Predictors of overweight and obesity among secondary school students in Puchong Selangor, Malaysia. Int J Med Sci Public Health 2019;6:160–70.
24. Bin Saad MF, Cheah WL, Poh BK. Predictors and barriers to physical activity among rural preschool children in Kuching and Samarahan Divison, Sarawak, Malaysia. Sri Lanka J Child Health 2020;49:353–60.
25. Salleh R, Zainuddin AA, Yusof SM, Man CS, Ahmad MH, Aziz NSA, et al. Factors associated with sugar-sweetened beverages consumption among Malaysian adolescents: findings from the Adolescent Nutrition Survey 2017. Malays J Nutr 2021;27:177–87.
29. Wan AM, Norazawati AK, Lee YY. Overweight and obesity among Malay primary school children in Kota Bharu, Kelantan: parental beliefs, attitudes and child feeding practices. Malays J Nutr 2012;18:27–36.
30. Zainuddin AA, Selamat R, Baharudin A, Ghaffar SA, Rahim NCA, Aris T. Nutritional status of Malaysian primary school children aged 8-10 years: findings from the 2008 National IDD Survey. Malays J Nutr 2013;19:149–61.
34. Cheah WL, Helmy H, Roslinda K, Mohd Taha A, Ayu Akida AR. Obesity-associated hypertension among primary school children in Sarawak: a cross-sectional study. Med Health 2019;14:121–31.
35. Chew WF, Leong PP, Yap SF, Yasmin AM, Choo KB, Low GK, et al. Risk factors associated with abdominal obesity in suburban adolescents from a Malaysian district. Singapore Med J 2018;59:104111.
36. Cynthia J, Zalilah MS, Lim MY. Relationship between family meals away from home and nutritional status of adolescents. Malays J Nutr 2013;19:25–35.
38. Sumarni Mohd G, Muhammad Amir K, Ibrahim Md S, Mohd Rodi I, Izzuna Mudla MG, Nurziyana I. Obesity among schoolchildren in Kuala Selangor: a cross-sectional study. Trop Biomed 2006;23:148–54.
39. Ho SF, Chin YS, Mohamed Shariff AR, Lim PY. Associations of eating behaviours, fast food purchasing and availability with BMI-for-age z-score among adolescents in Labuan, Malaysia. Malays J Nutr 2021;27:107–22.
40. Institute for Public Health (IPH) 2017. National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2017: Adolescent Nutrition Survey 2017, Malaysia. Putrajaya (Malaysia): Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2017.
41. Institute for Health Systems Research (IHSR); National Institutes of Health; Ministry of Health Malaysia. 2020. National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019: Vol. II: Healthcare Demand. Putrajaya (Malaysia): Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2017.
50. NHS. National child measurement programme, England 2020/21 school year. Leeds (UK): NHS, 2021.
51. Tran TVA, Vu TQC, Tran QD, Nguyen DT, Phan NQ. The prevalence of obesity among school-aged children in Vietnam: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Nutr Metab 2023;31:200184.
55. Anderson SE, Whitaker RC. Prevalence of obesity among US preschool children in different racial and ethnic groups. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009;163:344–8.