Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

Original Article

Other

Clinical spectrum and short-term outcomes of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in a south Indian hospital (1,010 times)

Muruganantham Balagurunathan, Thrilok Natarajan, Jothilakshmi Karthikeyan, Venkateshwaran Palanisamy

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(10):531-537. Published online August 4, 2021

Cited By 3

Question: What are the clinical spectrum, course, and short-term outcomes of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)?
Finding: MIS-C can have variable clinical manifestations. Fever is most common, followed by gastrointestinal and cardiovascular symptoms. Early identification and appropriate management lead to favorable outcomes.
Meaning: MIS-C can present in a myriad of ways and severities. High suspicion is necessary to ensure its early identification and appropriate management and favorable patient outcomes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00374

Endocrinology

Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring: a meta-analysis (997 times)

Azam Maleki, Saeid Bashirian, Ali Reza Soltanian, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Abdollah Farhadinasab

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(2):85-89. Published online April 15, 2021

Cited By 2

Question: Have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) increased risk of having an offspring with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Finding: Six articles (3 cohort and 3 case-control studies; 401,413 total ADHD cases) met the study criteria. Maternal PCOS was associated with an increased risk of ADHD in the offspring based on odds ratio (OR) and relative ratio (RR) (OR, 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27–1.57) and (RR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.35–1.51), respectively.
Meaning: Our study showed that maternal PCOS is a risk factor for ADHD.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00178

General Pediatrics

Significance of the tethered maxillary frenulum: a questionnaire-based observational cohort study (993 times)

Sody A. Naimer, Ariel Israel, Aviezer Gabbay

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(3):130-135. Published online September 7, 2020

Cited By 1

Question: Does a tethered maxillary frenulum in the newborn result in breastfeeding difficulty or other oral symptomatology?
Finding: The analysis of subjects with a tethered maxillary frenulum surveyed beyond a mean 5-year follow-up did not reveal an increase in oral issues versus those of a random agematched control group.
Meaning: These data demonstrate no need to intervene upon the diagnosis of a tethered maxillary frenulum.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00486

Developmental and Behavioral Medicine

Effectiveness of obesity interventions among South Korean children and adolescents and importance of the type of intervention component: a meta-analysis (991 times)

Siyoung Choe, Jaesin Sa, Jean-Philippe Chaput, Deokjin Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(2):98-107. Published online November 23, 2021

Question: What is the overall effect of obesity interventions among Korean children and what affects their effectiveness?
Finding: Interventions were strongly favored over controls. Interventions including at least one physical activity component were significantly better than those that did not. Sex, age, baseline weight category, intervention duration, and the number of intervention components were not significant.
Meaning: Future obesity interventions for Korean children must seek to include physical activity components.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00409

Editorial

Cardiology

Recent research trends in Kawasaki disease-related infection (983 times)

Hyang-Ok Woo

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(11):538-539. Published online July 22, 2022

The incidence of Kawasaki disease has reportedly decreased since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) quarantine. However, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children has reportedly occurred more frequently in areas where COVID-19 was prevalent than in previous years. Research into the etiology of childhood and adolescent systemic vasculitis in infection-related immune responses during the COVID-19 pandemic has increased accordingly.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00696

Review Article

Gastroenterology

Causes of acute gastroenteritis in Korean children between 2004 and 2019 (982 times)

Eell Ryoo

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(6):260-268. Published online September 18, 2020

Cited By 4

· Norovirus is the most common virus in Korean children with acute gastroenteritis.
· Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. are the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in Korean children, with a detection rate of 3%–20%.
· Uncommon bacterial and parasitic gastroenteritis require attention because of increasing international exchange and overseas travel.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.01256

Editorial

Neurology

Increasing our understanding of rotavirus-induced central nervous system manifestations (975 times)

Jon Soo Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(11):536-537. Published online May 6, 2022

· Diverse clinicoradiological features of central nervous system (CNS) complications in rotavirus infection can be identified with the rapid and wide use of various brain magnetic resonance imaging protocols.
· An increased understanding of the various pathophysiological mechanisms of rotavirus-induced CNS manifestations will enable precise management in the future.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00395

Original Article

Infection

Febrile urinary tract infection in children: changes in epidemiology, etiology, and antibiotic resistance patterns over a decade (968 times)

Woosuck Suh, Bi Na Kim, Hyun Mi Kang, Eun Ae Yang, Jung-Woo Rhim, Kyung-Yil Lee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(6):293-300. Published online October 14, 2020

Cited By 3

Question: How has the antibiotic susceptibility of urinary pathogens changed and what does it imply?
Finding: A yearly increase in multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing pathogens was observed. A higher recurrence rate was observed in cases of febrile urinary tract infection caused by ESBL producers in patients with underlying vesicoureteral reflux (VUR).
Meaning: The initial empirical antibiotic should reflect the changing susceptibility patterns and underlying VUR status.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00773

Emergency Medicine

Comparison of clinical features and laboratory findings of coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza A and B infections in children: a single-center study (961 times)

Meraj Siddiqui, Ayşe Gültekingil, Oğuz Bakırcı, Nihal Uslu, Esra Baskın

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(7):364-369. Published online May 18, 2021

Cited By 4

Question: What are the differences between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and influenza infections in children?
Finding: Pediatric COVID-19 patients predominantly exhibited respiratory and/or gastrointestinal symptoms, neurological manifestations, olfactory/gustatory dysfunction, elevated monocytes, mildly elevated C-reactive protein, and unilateral or diffuse abnormalities on chest x-ray. Patients with underlying medical conditions had higher intensive care unit admission rates and should be followed closely.
Meaning: The clinical presentations of pediatric COVID-19 patients varied from asymptomatic/mild to severe.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00066

Neurology

Long-term neurological cognitive, behavioral, functional, and quality of life outcomes after fetal myelomeningocele closure: a systematic review (961 times)

Andre Marolop Pangihutan Siahaan, Martin Susanto, Sarma Nursani Lumbanraja, Dwi Herawati Ritonga

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(1):38-45. Published online November 30, 2022

· Fetal myelomeningocele closure significantly improved long-term neurological cognitive, behavioral, functional, and quality of life outcomes, most likely by reducing hydrocephalus rates.
· However, fetal myelomeningocele closure is associated with a significant risk of pregnancy complications, especially premature rupture of membranes and preterm delivery.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01102

Review Article

Critical Care Medicine

Pediatric postintensive care syndrome: high burden and a gap in evaluation tools for limited-resource settings (955 times)

Chanapai Chaiyakulsil, Rapee Opasatian, Paweethida Tippayawong

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(9):436-442. Published online December 18, 2020

Cited By 1

Pediatric postintensive care syndrome has high impact and burden and can affect a child’s life for decades. The early evaluation and detection of such problems require a simple and less time-consuming surveillance tool. Current evaluation tools can be difficult and strenuous for areas with limited resources. Thus, a new simple tool is required for the early detection and intervention of postintensive care syndrome in critically ill children

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.01354

Original Article

Neonatology (Perinatology)

A thickened formula reduces feeding-associated oxygen desaturation and bradycardia in preterm infants (952 times)

Gayoung Lee, Juyoung Lee, Ga Won Jeon, Yong Hoon Jun

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(1):32-37. Published online December 15, 2022

Question: Is a commercial thickened formula able to alleviate oral feeding-associated desaturation and bradycardia in preterm infants?
Finding: Thickened formula feeding significantly reduced oral feeding-associated desaturation and bradycardia in preterm infants.
Meaning: Thickened formula feeding stabilizes oxygen saturation and heart rate during oral feeding among preterm infants with feeding difficulties.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00780

Review Article

Infection

School closures during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak (950 times)

Eun Young Cho, Young June Choe

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(7):322-327. Published online May 31, 2021

· Earlier modeling studies of the effects of school closures on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 were largely derived from the pandemic influenza model, resulting in conflicting implications.
· Observational findings suggest no clear effect of school closures on community transmission or overall mortality.
· School closures must be weighed against potential high social costs, which can also negatively affect children’s health.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00353

Letters to the Editor

Gastroenterology

Functional gastrointestinal disorders and smartphone use in adolescents (949 times)

Mauro Cinquetti, Marco Biasin, Marco Ventimiglia, Linda Balanzoni, Denise Signorelli, Angelo Pietrobelli

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(9):494-496. Published online November 9, 2020

Cited By 1

Question: Are functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) common in Italy? If so, what are the associated risk factors?
Finding: In this cross-sectional study of 1,594 adolescents, the prevalence of FGIDs was 30.9% and was mainly associated with smartphone addiction.
Meaning: Smartphone use and dietary habits should be monitored in children with FGIDs.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.01326

Editorial

Emergency Medicine

Current diagnosis and image-guided reduction for intussusception in children: teamwork approach (948 times)

Ji-Hyun Seo

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(2):66-67. Published online September 1, 2022

· The successful and safe enema reduction of intussusception depends primarily on the experience and preference of the radiologists and the availability of resources.
· The establishment of a standardized manual or protocol for reduction and pre-reduction treatment of intussusception, along with the collaboration of pediatricians, radiologists, and surgeons, is expected to improve the treatment success rate.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00927

Original Article

Nutrition

Not breastfeeding and risk of autism spectrum disorders among children: a meta-analysis (940 times)

Ensiyeh Jenabi, Saeid Bashirian, Amir Mohammad Salehi, Salman Khazaei

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(1):28-31. Published online July 19, 2022

This study aimed to determine whether there is an association between not breastfeeding (versus breastfeeding) and the risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) among children. We found that the risk of ASD associated with not breastfeeding had an odds ratio of 1.81 (95% confidence interval, 1.35–2.27; I²=0 %). These findings suggest the importance of breastfeeding in decreasing the risk of ASD among children.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01872

Original article

Infection

The global prevalence of Toxocara spp. in pediatrics: a systematic review and meta-analysis (931 times)

Behnam Abedi, Mehran Akbari, Sahar KhodaShenas, Alireza Tabibzadeh, Ali Abedi, Reza Ghasemikhah, Marzieh Soheili, Shnoo Bayazidi, Yousef Moradi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(11):575-581. Published online February 5, 2021

Cited By 2

Is the global prevalence of toxocariasis high among children? The prevalence of toxocariasis is high in pediatric patients. Asian children are more susceptible to the disease than other children. Its virulence varies among different socioeconomic classes in various countries. Hand washing after soil contact, routine pet deworming, and appropriate disposal of pet feces in households with Asian pediatrics are needed to prevent toxocariasis.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.01039

Original Article

Hematology

Changes in the prevalence of anemia in Korean adolescents, 1998–2018 (930 times)

Jun Young An, Yoo Rha Hong, Seom Gim Kong

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(2):86-92. Published online November 16, 2020

Cited By 1

Question: Over the past 21 years, has the prevalence of anemia decreased among Korean adolescents?
Finding: The prevalence of anemia in boys aged 10–18 years decreased from 3.0% to 0.5% over the study period, whereas that in girls did not change significantly over time (increased from 7.9% to 8.5%).
Meaning: The prevalence of anemia in female adolescents remains high, requiring attention and efforts to improve it.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.01508

Infection

Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Iranian children: a systematic review and meta-analysis (922 times)

Farhad Sarrafzadeh, Seyed Mojtaba Sohrevardi, Hamid Abousaidi, Hossein Mirzaei

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(8):415-421. Published online November 20, 2020

Cited By 2

The pooled prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 42% among culture-positive cases of S. aureus, 51% in hospitalized children, and 14% in healthy children. The high prevalence of MRSA in Iranian children may be due to insufficient infection control measures in hospitals, inappropriate use of methicillin, inadequate staff training, and over-prescription of antibiotics in Iran.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00255

Editorial

Endocrinology

Pediatric obesity: life cycle approach of pediatrician and society (922 times)

Yong Hee Hong

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(1):29-30. Published online December 28, 2021

Cited By 1

• With the emerging epidemic of pediatric obesity, many endocrine comorbidities classically seen in adulthood are surfacing much earlier in life.
• Appropriate obesity counseling and education should be provided from infancy to adolescence.
• Managing pediatric obesity may require school and society involvement.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01536

Cardiology

Coronavirus disease 2019 and mRNA vaccines: what’s next – miRNA? (922 times)

Joon Kee Lee, Heon-Seok Han

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(6):302-303. Published online March 28, 2022

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded noncoding RNA molecules that function in RNA silencing and the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. The potential role of miRNAs as biomarkers of myocarditis is promising, and miRNAs are expected to be utilized in various clinical fields in the future.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00283

Original Article

Cardiology

Assessment of cardiac function in syncopal children without organic causes (920 times)

Heoungjin Kim, Lucy Youngmin Eun

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(11):582-587. Published online March 10, 2021

Question: Does a subtle deterioration in cardiac function affect the severity of syncope in patients without underlying disease?
Finding: For syncope patients with reasonable cardiac function but without underlying disease, tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) measurements helped reveal subtle differences in cardiac function with syncope and predicted the severity of syncope or a potential recurrent event.
Meaning: TDI measurements might be a useful indicator for predicting the severity of syncope.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.01046

Review Article

Immunology

Modern diagnostic capabilities of neonatal screening for primary immunodeficiencies in newborns (919 times)

Evgenia Olegovna Khalturina, Natalia Dmitrievna Degtyareva, Anastasiia Vasi’evna Bairashevskaia, Alena Valerievna Mulenkova, Anna Vladimirovna Degtyareva

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(10):504-510. Published online March 25, 2021

· Neonatal screening for primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) enables early diagnosis and subsequent initiation of therapy.
· Excision of T-cell receptors and kappa-recombination excision circles are cheaper alternative PID screening methods.
· Sanger DNA sequencing remains the reference method for detecting PID; however, next-generation sequencing technology is increasingly used to diagnose it.
· Here we developed a graphical algorithm for diagnosing primary immunodeficiency syndrome based on modern methods of screening for primary immunodeficiencies in newborns.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.01270

Original Article

General Pediatrics

Effect of 2–6 weeks of systemic steroids on bone mineral density in children (913 times)

Athira Kuniyil, Somdipa Pal, Namrita Sachdev, Tribhuvan Pal Yadav

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(5):254-261. Published online November 18, 2021

Cited By 1

Question: Does steroid use for 2–6 weeks in children affect bone mineral content (BMC) or density (BMD)?
Finding: Steroid use for 2–6 weeks significantly decreased BMC and BMD of the whole body, total body less the head, lumbar spine, and distal radius. A significant negative correlation was observed among BMD, duration, and cumulative dose.
Meaning: Steroid use for 2–6 weeks in children negatively affected BMC and BMD.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00045

Editorial

Endocrinology

Low bone mineral density can occur in children after shortterm systemic glucocorticoid treatment (905 times)

Moon Bae Ahn

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(6):300-301. Published online April 27, 2022

Osteoporosis diagnosed in children with chronic diseases is a major endocrine complication triggered by the disease itself or its treatment. Although age upon starting osteotoxic agents and the their duration of use are vital contributors, spontaneous recovery of bone mass following treatment completion is a privilege of this specific age group. For any patients short-term glucocorticoid therapy, bone health screening is the next step.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01599

Review Article

Other

Epidemiology of pediatric fractures before versus during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic (899 times)

Chi Hoon Oh, Siyeong Yoon, Kyung Rae Ko, Young Woo Kwon, Kyeong Mi Kim, Hyun Seo Park, Hogyeong Kang, Inseok Jang, Soonchul Lee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(7):330-336. Published online June 3, 2022

∙ The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first reported in December 2019 as a cluster outbreak in Wuhan, since then, national lockdowns have included school closures, stay-at-home orders.
∙ The characteristics of adolescent fractures were often related to physical activity such as sports-related injury.
∙ During the COVID-19 pandemic, both in the East and the West, the incidence of fractures in children and adolescents is showing a decreasing trend worldwide.
∙ Fractures in children and adolescents were significantly reduced in the proportion of relatively low-energy damage, and the incidence of fractures in adolescents with greater activity compared to children was reduced.
∙ If COVID-19 pandemic ends, normal academic and sports activities increase due to the easing of lockdown policies, the number of trauma patients related to increased activity may increase rapidly, and clinics should prepare for this change.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01767

Infection

Four months of rifampicin monotherapy for latent tuberculosis infection in children (898 times)

Chi Eun Oh, Dick Menzies

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(5):214-221. Published online October 29, 2021

Cited By 2

· Recently, the importance of a short-term treatment regimen including rifamycin has been highlighted in the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI).
· Four prospective or retrospective studies in children consistently reported that a 4-month daily rifampicin regimen (4R) had a higher completion rate than and comparable safety to a nine-month daily isoniazid regimen.
· We suggest rifampicin 20–30 mg/kg/day for children aged 0–2 years and 15–20 mg/kg/day for children aged 2–10 years in 4R to treat LTBI.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01186

Original Article

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Effects of carnosine and hypothermia combination therapy on hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats (890 times)

Jun Chul Byun, Seong Ryong Lee, Chun Soo Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(8):422-428. Published online February 24, 2021

Cited By 2

Question: How can we further improve the neuroprotective effects of hypothermia in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury?
Finding: Combination carnosine and hypothermia therapy effectively reduced brain damage in neonatal rats. The in situ zymography, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling assay, and immunofluorescence study results showed that neuroprotective effects were achieved with combination therapy only.
Meaning: Carnosine and hypothermia have synergistic neuroprotective effects against brain damage following HI injury

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.01837

Review Article

Infection

Epidemiological changes in infectious diseases during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Korea: a systematic review (884 times)

Jong Gyun Ahn

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(4):167-171. Published online November 30, 2021

Cited By 4

· Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have had a major impact on the epidemiology of various infectious diseases in Korea.
· Respiratory diseases and gastrointestinal viral diseases were significantly reduced during the NPI period.
· The decrease in Kawasaki disease after the introduction of NPI is an unintended result.
· Infectious diseases that decreased during NPI use may re-emerge.
· We must continuously monitor the epidemiology of various infectious diseases during the coronavirus era

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01515

Editorial

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Fluconazole prophylaxis for prevention of invasive candidiasis in extremely preterm infants (872 times)

Chun Soo Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(4):167-168. Published online July 17, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00745

Cited By 35	Clinical features, diagnosis, and outcomes of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with coronavirus disease 2019
Cited By 20	Cohort profile: National Investigation of Birth Cohort in Korea study 2008 (NICKs-2008)
Cited By 11	Cognitive outcomes in late childhood and adolescence of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
Cited By 10	Food allergies and food-induced anaphylaxis: role of cofactors
Cited By 10	Perinatal outcome and possible vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 2019: experience from North India

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