Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

Review Article

General Pediatrics

Bridging the gap: autism spectrum disorder in children in the United States and worldwide: a narrative review (7,199 times)

Sandhya J. Kadam, Malika Goel

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(11):852-857. Published online October 2, 2025

Crossref 1

The prevalence of autism is increasing worldwide. The United States has the highest numbers, likely due to the availability of better treatment options. However, global disparities exist, especially in low-resource settings in which stigma, underdiagnosis, and limited services hinder care. A coordinated international approach emphasizing early screening, inclusive policies, and culturally sensitive support systems can bridge this gap and improve the outcomes for children with autism and their families worldwide.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.00969

Other

Global trends in importance of 24-hour movement behaviors to pediatric health: implications for South Korea (7,190 times)

Eun-Young Lee, Reyana Jayawardena, Seiyeong Park, Justin Y Jeon, Yeon-Soo Kim, Mark S. Tremblay

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):16-29. Published online November 11, 2024

Web of Science 4 Crossref 6

· The 24-hour movement behavior paradigm provides an important framework for future pediatric health promotion efforts.
· Policy priorities should include advancing surveillance and monitoring assessments related to 24-hour movement behaviors, evaluating their implementation in school and government policies, and building preparedness for future pandemics and natural disasters, including climate change, by promoting healthy 24-hour movement behaviors.
· Future research should advocate for the promotion of 24- hour movement behaviors.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00178

Original Article

Critical Care Medicine

Effect of postoperative enteral protein supplementation on nitrogen balance in critically ill children (7,164 times)

Irene Yuniar, Kadek Apik Lestari, Antonius Hocky Pudjiadi, Fatima Safira Alatas, Yoga Devaera

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(10):790-800. Published online May 30, 2025

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

Question: Does high-protein enteral nutrition better increase the average nitrogen balance (NB) and decrease the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) level of critically ill postoperative children than standard-protein enteral nutrition?
Finding: The study demonstrated a significant increase in average NB but no significant decrease in I-FABP levels in the high- versus low-protein group.
Meaning: These findings suggest that high-protein enteral nutrition can improve NB in critically ill postoperative children, thereby supporting their recovery.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.00227

Review Article

Gastroenterology

Value of transabdominal ultrasonography for diagnosing functional constipation in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis (7,134 times)

Duc Long Tran, Phu Nguyen Trong Tran, Paweena Susantitaphong, Phichayut Phinyo, Palittiya Sintusek

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(2):127-135. Published online November 13, 2024

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

Transabdominal ultrasonography is increasingly used as a novel modality for detecting pediatric functional constipation (FC). This systematic review and metaanalysis aimed to assess the diagnostic parameters of FC including rectal diameter (RD) and anterior rectal wall thickness. A systematic search was conducted of the Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and PubMed databases through September 29, 2023, to identify studies comparing RD...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00927

Original Article

General Pediatrics

Trends and determinants in breastfeeding among Korean infants (2007–2021): a nationwide study using the National Health Screening Program for Infants and Children (7,124 times)

Minwoong Kang, Eui Kyung Choi, Jeung Min Lee, Hye-Jung Shin, Woo Ryoung Lee, Son Moon Shin; Korean Society of Breastfeeding Medicine

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(10):772-780. Published online July 4, 2025

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

Question: What are the recent trends and determinants of breastfeeding in South Korea?
Finding: Breastfeeding rates in South Korea declined significantly from 2007 to 2021, with lower rates observed in preterm, low-birthweight, and multiple-birth infants as well as rural or lower-income households.
Meaning: Targeted interventions, including prenatal education, postnatal support, and community-based programs, are required to address disparities and improve breastfeeding rates.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.00857

Pulmonology

Polysomnographic features of children with obesity: body mass index predict severe obstructive sleep apnea in obese children? (7,082 times)

Rungrat Sukharom, Prakarn Tovichien, Kanokporn Udomittipong, Pinyapach Tiamduangtawan, Wattanachai Chotinaiwattarakul

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):80-90. Published online November 6, 2024

Web of Science 6 Crossref 6

Question: How Common is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in obese children? OSA is common in obese children, even without habitual snoring.
Finding: Among the subjects, 60.6% had positional OSA, 40.2% had rapid eye movement-related OSA, 59.8% had desaturation, 20.5% had sleep-related hypoventilation, and 5.0% had obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Body mass index (BMI) and neck and waist circumferences were significantly associated with severe OSA.
Meaning: We recommend screening obese children (BMI > 29.2 kg/m²) for OSA.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00066

Review Article

Endocrinology

Continuous glucose monitoring in Korean pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes: current landscape and clinical implications (6,995 times)

Hwa Young Kim, Jaehyun Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(11):842-851. Published online October 2, 2025

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has transformed pediatric type 1 diabetes care by facilitating tighter glycemic control, reducing hypoglycemia, and improving quality of life.
Recent advances in CGM technology and the expansion of insurance coverage in Korea have led to its broader adoption.
Emerging metrics such as time in tight range offer refined tools for individualized glycemic assessment, highlighting CGM’s evolving role in personalized pediatric diabetes management.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.01522

Original Article

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Effect of vitamin E supplementation on bilirubin levels in infants with hyperbilirubinemia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial (6,913 times)

Mojtaba Cheraghi, Maziar Nikouei, Majid Mansouri, Siros Hemmatpour, Yousef Moradi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(5):249-256. Published online March 26, 2024

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

Question: Is vitamin E a viable therapeutic option for managing neonatal hyperbilirubinemia?
Finding: This randomized clinical trial examined the effects of oral vitamin E supplementation on bilirubin reduction (primary outcome), phototherapy duration, and length of hospital stay (secondary outcome) in 138 infants.
Meaning: Infants administered vitamin E versus placebo demonstrated similar reductions in bilirubin levels and length of hospital stay.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01312

Clinical Note

General Pediatrics

Aplasia cutis congenita with unique vascular malformation and cranial hypoplasia: a case in a preterm infant (6,851 times)

Yasufumi Sakata, Natsumi Fujii, Sadahiro Nomura, Yoshihiro Azuma, Hiroki Hamano, Hidenobu Kaneyasu, Seigo Okada, Kazumasa Takahashi, Shunji Hasegawa

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(6):472-474. Published online March 11, 2025

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.01998

Original Article

Endocrinology

Long-term epidemiological insights into rickets: a nationwide population-based retrospective study (6,815 times)

Chun-Hao Chu, Ying-Chuan Chen, Pei-Yao Liu, Chun-Chieh Hu, Yu-Lung Lin, Feng-Chih Kuo, Chieh-Hua Lu, Tzu-Ju Hsu, Yu-Tung Hung, Fuu-Jen Tsai, Chien-Ming Lin

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(11):879-891. Published online August 20, 2025

Web of Science 4 Crossref 4

Question: What are the nationwide trends and mortality risk factors of nutritional versus hereditary rickets among children in Asia?
Finding: In 2012–2018, the incidence of rickets steadily increased, whereas mortality rates declined. Mortality is associated with a low household income, anemia, chronic kidney disease, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and a prolonged hospital stay.
Meaning: Early diagnosis and targeted interventions addressing social and medical vulnerabilities are critical to reducing ricket-related mortality.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.00976

Review Article

Nephrology (Genitourinary)

X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets: from diagnosis to management (6,793 times)

Eujin Park, Hee Gyung Kang

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(1):17-25. Published online June 14, 2023

Web of Science 8 Crossref 7

· X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), the most common cause of hypophosphatemic rickets, affects 1/20,000 people.
· XLH is caused by a loss-of-function mutation of the PHEX gene.
· Its main pathogenesis is elevated fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) level.
· Burosumab, an FGF23 inhibitor, was developed in the early 2000s.
· Burosumab was approved in Korea in 2020 for XLH patients aged 1+ years with radiographic evidence of bone disease.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01459

Original Article

Infection

Evolving treatment strategies for invasive Streptococcus pyogenes in children in the postpandemic era (6,774 times)

Laura Buricchi, Giuseppe Indolfi, Marco Renni, Elisabetta Venturini, Luisa Galli, Elena Chiappini

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(11):921-931. Published online August 11, 2025

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

Question: What are the roles of linezolid, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and corticosteroids in pediatric invasive group A streptococcal infection (iGAS)? Can any improve outcomes beyond beta-lactams and clindamycin?
Finding: Two of 46 patients with iGAS died. Nearly all received beta-lactams plus clindamycin. Linezolid was effective in refractory cases. IVIG and corticosteroids had variable efficacies.
Meaning: Linezolid may be valuable in refractory cases. IVIG may be considered in severe presentations. The role of corticosteroids remains less clearly defined.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.00479

Review Article

Endocrinology

Lifelong medical challenges and immunogenetics of Turner syndrome (6,739 times)

Won Kyoung Cho

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(11):560-568. Published online July 31, 2024

Web of Science 3 Crossref 3

· This summary emphasizes the importance of the early diagnosis of Turner syndrome (TS) and presents a multidisciplinary approach to its prevention and management, high-lighting the need for customized care.
· Advancements in immunogenetic research may improve our understanding of TS and improve its outcomes.
· TS encompasses a wide array of medical challenges, including cardiovascular, endocrine, autoimmune, and mental health issues, as well as a heightened cancer risk.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00430

Allergy

Practical issues of oral immunotherapy for egg or milk allergy (6,719 times)

Sukyung Kim, Kangmo Ahn, Jihyun Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(3):140-148. Published online June 19, 2023

Web of Science 8 Crossref 6

· Oral immunotherapy should be supervised by pediatricians with experience administering oral food challenge tests and managing allergic reactions.
· Food allergen intake is gradually increased and maintained for years.
· Patients may experience allergic reactions and psychological problems.
· Adjunctive therapies (biologics, antihistamines, and leukotriene receptor antagonists) may improve efficacy and safety.
· Contraindications include uncontrolled asthma, malignancy, active autoimmune disorders, and beta-blocker usage.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00234

Infection

COVID-19 among infants: key clinical features and remaining controversies (6,566 times)

Nevio Cimolai

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(1):1-16. Published online November 27, 2023

Web of Science 7 Crossref 9

· Clinical studies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in infants should be supported by rigorous laboratory diagnostic criteria.
· Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spreads to infants similarly to other viral respiratory infections.
· Among infants ≤1 year of age beyond the immediate postpartum period, COVID-19 is relatively mild, but even the low risk of severe disease requires prevention.
· Comorbidities increase infection vulnerability and complications in infants.
· Clinical and laboratory data do not sufficiently distinguish COVID-19 from other respiratory viral infections.
· Coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is uncommon among infants.
· Unique infection sequelae, including multi-inflammatory syndrome in children and neonates and long COVID require further study and refinement of diagnostic criteria.
· Infection control standards applied to mother-infant dyads should be tempered by standard preventive strategies, maternal input, accommodation potential, and overall safety.
· Maternal vaccination prevents disease in early infancy.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00794

Original Article

Other

Virtual, augmented, and mixed reality: potential clinical and training applications in pediatrics (6,505 times)

Suyoung Yoo, Meong Hi Son

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(2):92-103. Published online May 24, 2023

Web of Science 6 Crossref 10

· Review of articles that investigated the applications of virtual, augmented, or mixed reality in pediatric clinical settings and in the training of pediatric medical professionals was conducted.
· A total of 89 studies were retrieved, with 36 randomized controlled trials.
· In most studies, intervention using the novel technology was at least as effective or more effective than the traditional method.
· Use of virtual, augmented, and mixed reality has potential in pediatrics.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00731

General Pediatrics

Nonpharmacological interventions for managing postoperative pain and anxiety in children: a randomized controlled trial (6,314 times)

Edlin Glane Mathias, Mamatha Shivananda Pai, Vijay Kumar, Dinesh Narayanakurup, Malavika Kulkarni, Vasudeva Guddattu, Ann-Cathrine Bramhagen, Baby S Nayak, Anice George

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(12):677-685. Published online October 31, 2024

Web of Science 5 Crossref 4

Question: What is the effect of nonpharmacological interventions on postoperative pain and anxiety among children.
Finding: Nurse-provided distraction interventions reduce pain and anxiety among pediatric surgical patients.
Meaning: The findings suggest that nonpharmacological interventions provided postoperatively to children reduce their pain and anxiety levels.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01690

Review Article

General Pediatrics

Protecting our future: environmental hazards and children’s health in the face of environmental threats: a comprehensive overview (6,270 times)

Jungha Lee, Hyo-Bin Kim, Hun-Jong Jung, Myunghee Chung, So Eun Park, Kon-Hee Lee, Won Seop Kim, Jin-Hwa Moon, Jung Won Lee, Jae Won Shim, Sang Soo Lee, Yunkoo Kang, Young Yoo; The Environmental Health Committee of the Korean Pediatric Society

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(11):589-598. Published online October 31, 2024

Web of Science 5 Crossref 7

· Exposure to air pollutants cause allergic and respiratory diseases as well as chronic kidney disease.
· Adequate physical activity and proper nutrition are essential for children to maintain good health.
· We must educate people about the harmful effects of noise, blue light, heavy metals and smoke.
· Government and society must actively decrease environ-mental hazards.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01578

Original Article

Infection

Enteric pathogens implicated in acute infectious diarrhea among young children in resource-limited region with rapidly growing population: a hospital-based cross-sectional study (6,245 times)

Aseel Mahmood Ibrahim Al-Mashahedah, Randa Mohammed Dhahi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(5):379-387. Published online December 23, 2024

Web of Science 1 Crossref 2

Question: What are the most common enteric pathogens in acute diarrhea among children younger than 5 years of age, and which age group is most susceptible?
Finding: Bacteria were the most common causative microorganisms of diarrhea, followed by viruses, parasites, and fungi. The 1–2-year age group was the most commonly affected.
Meaning: There is a need to formulate preventive strategies targeting children exposed to enteric pathogens to limit diarrhea.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.01333

Review Article

Other

Cost-effectiveness of newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency: a systematic review (6,222 times)

Rezwanul Rana, Syed Afroz Keramat, Moin Ahmed

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(9):628-640. Published online April 16, 2025

Web of Science 1 Crossref 2

Universal newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) demonstrates robust cost-effectiveness across diverse high-income healthcare systems, both from healthcare and societal standpoints. Early detection yields substantial savings. While uncertainties persist, impacting precise cost-effectiveness, the overall finding is positive. Future research must prioritize enhanced data collection and statistical rigor to refine our understanding of SCID's economic impact within the Australian context.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.00052

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Updates in neonatal resuscitation: routine use of laryngeal masks as an alternative to face masks (6,213 times)

Eun Song Song, Ga Won Jeon

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(5):240-246. Published online July 11, 2023

Web of Science 8 Crossref 7

In neonatal resuscitation:
· Laryngeal masks are recommended when endotracheal intubation or positive-pressure ventilation fails.
· Laryngeal masks are useful even during chest compressions.
· Laryngeal masks aid neonates >34 weeks’ gestation and/or with a birth weight >2 kg.
· Main usage barriers include limited experience (81%), preference for endotracheal tubes (57%), and lack of awareness (56%).
· Second-generation laryngeal masks have a built-in esophageal drainage tube that prevents regurgitation into the glottis, and an orogastric tube can be inserted within the esophageal drainage tube to protect against gastric inflation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00619

Gastroenterology

High-resolution anorectal manometry in children (6,199 times)

Yogesh Waikar

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(2):57-63. Published online June 14, 2023

Web of Science 2 Crossref 5

· Anorectal manometry is safe in children.
· Defecation Dyssynergia is one of the commonest cause of chronic constipation.
· Positive Rectoanal inhibiory reflex rules out Hirschsprung's Disease

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01242

Original Article

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Characterization of gut microbiota in very low birth weight infants with versus without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (6,153 times)

Anucha Thatrimontrichai, Manapat Praditaukrit, Gunlawadee Maneenil, Supaporn Dissaneevate, Kamonnut Singkhamanan, Komwit Surachat

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(7):503-511. Published online February 26, 2025

Web of Science 7 Crossref 7

Question: Does the gut microbiota differ between very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with versus without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)?
Finding: Common respiratory pathogens were notably elevated in the BPD group, whereas anaerobic and butyrate-producing taxa, key components of postbiotics, were dominant in the non-BPD group.
Meaning: In gut-lung communication, the interplay between the intestinal and respiratory systems may implicate pro- and postbiotics in VLBW infants with BPD.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.01718

Evaluation of total serum bilirubin thresholds for discontinuing phototherapy in jaundiced neonates: a randomized study (6,021 times)

Ajay Kumar, Nidhi Jain

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(7):539-545. Published online February 26, 2025

Crossref 2

Question: What are the outcomes of jaundiced neonates when phototherapy is discontinued at 2 different total serum bilirubin (TSB) thresholds?
Findings: The study involved 80 neonates, comparing a recommended TSB threshold and a lower threshold for phototherapy discontinuation. Results showed a 14.3% reinstitution rate of treatment, with no adverse outcomes.
Meaning: Careful posttreatment monitoring is essential when discontinuing phototherapy, and future research should consider updated guidelines like those from the American Academy of Pediatrics.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.01249

Review Article

Nephrology (Genitourinary)

Effects of diethylene glycol contamination of pharmaceutical products on unexplained acute kidney injury in children: a systematic review (5,985 times)

Sani Rachman Soleman, Muhammad Luthfi Adnan, Hilmi Ardian Sudiarto, Satria Bintang Mahathma, Alya Ayu Tazkia, Hana Afifah Firdaus, Alfreda Amelia Khotijah, Miranti Dewi Pramaningtyas, Emi Azmi Choironi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(8):395-402. Published online January 4, 2024

Web of Science 2 Crossref 1

A recent unexplained acute kidney injury (AKI) outbreak due to pharmaceutical product contamination with diethylene glycol (DEG) raises public attention. Our study revealed that DEG-contaminated paracetamol causes unexplained AKI in children. However, paracetamol is not the only contaminated drug. Other drugs, such as cough expectorants, antihistamines, and sedatives, can also be affected. Other chemicals, such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, can also contribute to poisonings.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01039

Letter to the Editor

Hematology

Neutropenia following metamizole use in pediatric patients: a multicenter retrospective study (5,889 times)

Meraj Alam Siddiqui, Arzu Akyay, Fatma Burcu Belen Apak, Özgür Carti, Canan Albayrak, Melek İşik, Zühre Kaya, Sevgi Yetgin, Lale Olcay

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(8):415-417. Published online July 23, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00262

Original Article

Rheumatology

Recurrent immunoglobulin A vasculitis in children and adolescents: prevalence and associated risk factors (5,877 times)

Nootsara Atchariyaphuk, Maynart Sukharomana, Thanaporn Chaiyapak, Sirirat Charuvanij

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(1):46-55. Published online October 22, 2025

Question: What can predict immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV) recurrence, and when does it occur? How do childhood- and adolescent-onset IgAV compare?
Finding: The IgAV recurrence rate was 35.6%. It usually occurred within 12 months and was associated with corticosteroids treatment.
Meaning: Childhood-onset IgAV more commonly featured gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal manifestations and required hospitalization. Adolescent-onset IgAV more commonly featured renal involvement. Vigilant monitoring for recurrence is necessary, particularly with corticosteroids treatment.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.01158

Review Article

Neurology

Cerebral organoid research for pediatric patients with neurological disorders (5,872 times)

Jin Eun, Jung Eun Lee, Seung Ho Yang

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(4):269-277. Published online November 28, 2024

Crossref 1

Cerebral organoids obtained from human induced pluripotent stem cells are transforming the study of pediatric neurological diseases by providing more accurate models of human brain development and pathology. These advancements have improved pathology modeling and the potential for novel therapeutic approaches despite existing challenges such as reproducibility and vascularization.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.01235

Original Article

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Less invasive surfactant administration versus intubation-surfactant-extubation: a single-center retrospective study (5,828 times)

C.S. Jithin, A. Nalina, A. Shashidhar, P.N. Suman Rao

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(12):991-997. Published online October 2, 2025

Question: Does less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) (vs. intubation-surfactant-extubation) improve clinical outcomes in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome?
Finding: LISA significantly reduced intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation needs within the first 72 hours and shortened the overall invasive respiratory support duration without increasing other morbidities.
Meaning: LISA is a less invasive and safer surfactant delivery alternative. Larger multicenter trials are needed to confirm its long-term safety and efficacy, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.00332

Review Article

Allergy

Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin levels can predict allergic disease development and atopic march in children (5,818 times)

Zak Callaway, Chang-Keun Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(6):398-405. Published online February 3, 2025

Web of Science 7 Crossref 6

· Allergic march occurs in a subset of children, beginning with atopic dermatitis and progressing to food allergies, allergic rhinitis, and/or asthma. Its early diagnosis is important to slowing its progression.
· Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), an excellent biomarker of eosinophil activity, is often elevated in allergic diseases.
· EDN levels have been used to predict allergic disease development and diagnose, treat, and monitor allergic diseases.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.01382

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