Identifying phenotypes and endotypes of asthma patients is challenging, and eosinophilic phenotypes are generally characterized by severe or refractory asthma. Biologicals targeting eosinophils are promising for the control of severe or refractory asthma symptoms. To ensure proper treatment, increased understanding of the diverse phenotypes of high Th2 inflammation in pediatric asthma is needed. |
Determining the therapeutic hypothermia and predict long-term prognosis quickly and accurately in infants with moderate to severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy requires a thorough history taking, physical examination, amplitude-integrated electroencephalography, brain magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion-weighted imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, heart evaluation (cardiac enzymes, electrocardiography, and echocardiography), and several other biomarkers. |
· The early diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) could be supported by molecular testing in sporadic NF1 patients and would benefit their health. · The well-planned surveillance and introduction of newly developed drugs targeting molecular pathways could improve the lives of pediatric NF1 patients. |
· Fetal exposure to renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors leads to short- and long-term kidney complications. · Women of reproductive age who are absolutely indicated for RAS inhibitors should be adequately informed of the risks for the duration of treatment. |
• Intravascular catheter-related infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children, and care bundles are effective and cost-saving in pediatric and neonatal patients. • Providing regular feedbacks to critical care practitioners is helpful to maintain compliance to care bundle. • Establishing a bundle policy (insertion and maintenance), monitoring compliance, and providing regular feedbacks are necessary for prevention of central line-associated bloodstream infections in pediatric patients. |
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses examine various existing research results. Such studies are conducted according to a technically determined algorithm to minimize errors. It is particularly important to understand basic analytical methods such as the fixed-effect and random-effects models and apply appropriate statistical techniques to verify interstudy heterogeneity. A design that eliminates possible bias from the early stages of the research in a step-by-step manner is required whenever possible. |
· Pediatric heart transplantation is achieving better outcomes. · The waitlist mortality is still high, especially in Korea, and should be reduced. · The use of ventricular assist device is promising and might offer improved waitlist mortality rates. |
· Neonatal sepsis is a global problem and significant cause of neonatal mortality and adverse short- and long-term outcomes. · Due to severe limitations diagnosing neonatal sepsis, there is a critical need to identify reliable specific biomarkers for early detection. · nCD11b might be an accurate and rapid biomarker for the early detection of neonatal sepsis. |
· Early menarche is associated with several health problems in later life. · Early menarche can be caused by environmental factors such as increased subcutaneous fat, a high body mass index, and sugar-sweetened beverages as well as genetic factors. · Health education can prevent early menarche by aiming to reduce the consumption of fructose, high concentrations of which are present in sugar-sweetened beverages. |
Undescended testes (UDT) is the most common congenital genitourinary abnormality in male infants and associated with decreased fertility and a higher future malignancy risk, especially in cases of delayed orchiopexy after puberty. It is important to timely referral to a surgical specialist and timely surgical correction of UDT to improve fertility and decrease the risk of malignancy. |
· Evaluation of the risk factors for early-onset sepsis (EOS) is important to optimal prevention and treatment. · The EOS calculator is still valid as part of the risk-based group B Streptococcus (GBS) screening approach. · The risk factor assessment using the EOS calculator is worth use before the introduction of universal GBS screening. |
The incidence and mortality rates of critical congenital heart disease (CHD) are higher in preterm than in term infants. The risk factors for in-hospital mortality in premature infants with critical CHD are unclear. However, the mortality of preterm infants with critical CHD may be related to CHD complexity as well as gestational age, birth weight, the presence of prematurity-associated comorbidities, and the treatment itself. |
Although the precise pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unclear, dietary factors seem to play a significant role. Dietary modifications including enteral nutrition and the Crohn disease exclusion, specific carbohydrate, and anti-inflammatory diets show a potential ability to downregulate gut inflammation. These nutritional interventions have various degree of efficacies with limited side effects profile for treating pediatric IBD, but data from randomized prospective studies are lacking, and further studies are warranted. |