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Review Article
Infection
Four months of rifampicin monotherapy for latent tuberculosis infection in children
Chi Eun Oh, Dick Menzies
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(5):214-221.   Published online October 29, 2021
· Recently, the importance of a short-term treatment regimen including rifamycin has been highlighted in the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI).
· Four prospective or retrospective studies in children consistently reported that a 4-month daily rifampicin regimen (4R) had a higher completion rate than and comparable safety to a nine-month daily isoniazid regimen.
· We suggest rifampicin 20–30 mg/kg/day for children aged 0–2 years and 15–20 mg/kg/day for children aged 2–10 years in 4R to treat LTBI.
Original Article
Infection
A contact investigation after exposure to a child with disseminated tuberculosis mimicking inflammatory bowel disease
Dongsub Kim, Sodam Lee, Sang-Hee Kang, Mi-Sun Park, So-Young Yoo, Tae Yeon Jeon, Joon-Sik Choi, Bora Kim, Jong Rim Choi, Sun Young Cho, Doo Ryeon Chung, Yon Ho Choe, Yae-Jean Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2018;61(11):366-370.   Published online November 15, 2018

Purpose: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most important diseases that cause significant mortality and morbidity in young children. Data on TB transmission from an infected child are limited. Herein, we report a case of disseminated TB in a child and conducted a contact investigation among exposed individuals. Methods: A 4-year-old child without Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination was diagnosed as having culture-proven...
Nutrition
Effect of tuberculosis treatment on leptin levels, weight gain, and percentage body fat in Indonesian children
Maria Mexitalia, Yesi Oktavia Dewi, Adriyan Pramono, Mohammad Syarofil Anam
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2017;60(4):118-123.   Published online April 25, 2017
Purpose

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a problem in the community. TB patients usually experience malnutrition, which is characterized by both decreased body weight (BW) and body fat percentage (BFP). Leptin, an important regulator of BW, also plays an important role in cellular immunity, which is integral to defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We analyzed the effect of an anti-TB treatment regimen on...

Case Report
Pulmonology
Congenital miliary tuberculosis in an 18-day-old boy
Jue Seong Lee, Chang Hoon Lim, Eunji Kim, Hyunwook Lim, Yoon Lee, Ji Tae Choung, Young Yoo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2016;59(Suppl 1):S64-S67.   Published online November 30, 2016

Congenital tuberculosis (TB) is a rare disease that is associated with high mortality. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent, may be transmitted from the infected mother to the fetus by the transplacental route or by aspiration of infected amniotic fluid. Clinical symptoms and signs are not specific. Miliary patterns are the most common findings in the chest X-rays of many infants...

Original Article
Infection
Usefulness of interferon-γ release assay for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in young children
Ki Wook Yun, Young Kwang Kim, Hae Ryun Kim, Mi Kyung Lee, In Seok Lim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2016;59(6):256-261.   Published online June 30, 2016
Purpose

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in young children may progress to severe active tuberculosis (TB) disease and serve as a reservoir for future transmission of TB disease. There are limited data on interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) performance in young children, which our research aims to address by investigating the usefulness of IGRA for the diagnosis of LTBI.

Methods

We performed a tuberculin skin...

Case Report
Infection
Tuberculosis-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adolescent diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction
Ju-Hee Seo, Jun Ah Lee, Dong Ho Kim, Joongbum Cho, Jung Sub Lim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2016;59(1):43-46.   Published online January 22, 2016

We present a case of tuberculosis-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a 14-year-old girl. The patient presented with weight loss, malaise, fatigue, prolonged fever, and generalized lymphadenopathy. Laboratory investigation revealed pancytopenia (white blood cells, 2,020 cells/µL; hemoglobin, 10.2 g/dL; platelets, 52,000 cells/µL), hypertriglyceridemia (229 mg/dL), and hyperferritinemia (1,420 ng/mL). Bone marrow biopsy showed a hypocellular bone marrow with a large numbers of...

Retropharyngeal abscess coinfected with Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis after rhinoviral infection in a 1-month-old infant
Jeong Hee Shin, Se In Sung, Jin Kyu Kim, Ji Mi Jung, Eun Sun Kim, Soo Han Choi, Yae Jean Kim, Kang Mo Ahn, Yun Sil Chang, Won Soon Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2013;56(2):86-89.   Published online February 25, 2013

A retropharyngeal abscess is a rare disease entity in young infants but can develop after nasopharyngeal viral infection. Group B Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common pathogens in young infants, however, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is very rare. We report the case of retropharyngeal abscess and coinfection with S. aureus and M. tuberculosis in a very young infant presenting with...

A childhood case of spinal tuberculosis misdiagnosed as muscular dystrophy
Doo Il Song, Su Ye Sohn, Yun Kyung Kim, So Hee Eun, Young Jun Rhie, Gi Young Jang, Chan Wook Woo, Byung Min Choi, Jung Hwa Lee, Bo Kyung Je
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2010;53(5):657-660.   Published online May 31, 2010

Tuberculosis is primarily a pulmonary disease, but extra-pulmonary manifestations are not uncommon, especially in children and adolescents. Ten percent of extra pulmonary tuberculosis localizes to the bones and joints, and 56% of such cases affect the spine. We treated a childhood case of spinal tuberculosis misdiagnosed as muscular dystrophy in a patient without specific constitutional symptoms. We report this case...

Original Article
Pulmonary tuberculosis misdiagnosed as lung Metastasis in childhood cancer patients
Hyun Rae KK, Dong Whand Lim, Kang Min, Kyung Duk Park, Jun Ah Lee, Soo Yeon Cho, Yoon Hoh Kook, Hee Youn Kim, Dong Ho Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(8):904-909.   Published online August 15, 2009

Purpose:The differential diagnosis for a pulmonary nodule is intriguing in cancer patients. Metastasis might be a preferential diagnosis, and yet possibilities of other medical conditions still exist. Pulmonary tuberculosis should be enlisted in the differential diagnosis for a pulmonary nodule in cancer patients in Korea. This study was aimed at analyzing the incidence and clinical features of pulmonary tuberculosis that were misdiagnosed as...
Review Article
Pediatric tuberculosis and drug resistance
Yae-Jean Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(5):529-537.   Published online May 15, 2009
Drug-resistant tuberculosis in children has important implications for both the patients and tuberculosis control programs. In Korea, among all new patients, the isoniazid resistance rate was 9.9% and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis rate was 2.7% in 2004 (in patients aged 10-19 yr, the multidrug-resistant tuberculosis rate reached 2.1%). Tuberculosis in pediatric patients is difficult to diagnose because many children have nonspecific clinical...
Treatment of latent tuberculous infection in children and adolescent
Jong-Hyun Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(5):519-528.   Published online May 15, 2009
Tuberculosis continues to cause an unacceptably high toll of disease and death among children worldwide. Whereas intense scientific and clinical research efforts into novel diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive interventions have focused on tuberculosis in adults, childhood tuberculosis has been relatively neglected. However, children are particularly vulnerable to severe disease and death following infection, and those with latent infection become the...
Characteristics of tuberculosis in children and adolescents
Byung Wook Eun
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(5):513-518.   Published online May 15, 2009
In childhood tuberculosis, it is possible to clearly distinguish among three basic stages: exposure, infection, and disease. The incidence of tuberculosis in children is low compared with that in adults, but latent infection is a major concern because children, who are exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis especially early in childhood, are at increased risk of developing the disease. Younger children particularly...
Original Article
Drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in children
Soo Jin Lee, Young Min Ahn, Hee Jin Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(1):61-67.   Published online January 15, 2009
Purpose : The rate of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) in children is an indicator of the effectiveness of TB control programs in the community. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of DR-TB in children and evaluate TB management. Methods : Between January 1999 and July 2007, drug susceptibility tests for anti-TB drugs were employed for patients aged less than 19...
Case Report
Three cases of pulmonary and/or intestinal tuberculosis in adolescents
Jung Hye Byeon, Yoon Lee, Jin Chul Lee, Young Yoo, Kee Hyoung Lee, Kwang Chul Lee, Ji Tae Choung, Soo Youn Ham, Chul Whan Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(11):1134-1138.   Published online November 15, 2007
Since the tuberculosis (TB) in adolescents has unique clinical characteristics, special attention should be paid to this age group. Adolescents are more susceptible to developing TB disease and more likely to have cavitary pulmonary disease. Also, adolescent patients with TB more frequently present with extrapulmonary disease. We report three adolescents with active pulmonary and/or intestinal TB: one had pulmonary and...
A case of pyomyositis due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Yun-Jin Bae, Jin-Sung Choi, Young Ah Lee, Sung-Soo Kim, Seo-Hee Rha, Jin-A Jung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(10):1116-1119.   Published online October 15, 2006
Pyomyositis is a primary bacterial infection of the skeletal muscles. Although infection can affect any skeletal muscle, the large muscle groups such as the quadriceps or gluteal muscles are most often the focus of this disease, and most commonly the inflammation is focal, involving a single muscle. The mechanism of pyomyositis is poorly understood. The local mechanical trauma at the...
Original Article
Lymphadenitis following intradermal BCG vaccination
Hey Sung Baek, Ji Young Chang, Su Ji Moon, Sung Hee Oh
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(1):46-50.   Published online January 15, 2006
Purpose : Intradermal BCG vaccine has not well been accepted by pediatric practitioners due to BCG lymphadenitis. Therefore, this study was undertaken to find out the incidence of lymphadenitis following intradermal BCG vaccination and its clinical outcome. Methods : One thousand and fifty infants, who received intradermal BCG(French 1173 P2, Korea Tuberculosis Association) vaccination in the Well Baby Clinic of Hanyang...
Airway Expandible Metallic Stent Implantation in Children with Tracheal or Bronchial Stenosis
Ju Young Jang, Hyo-Bin Kim, So Yeon Lee, Ja Hyung Kim, Seong Jong Park, Ji Hoon Shin, Soo-Jong Hong
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2005;48(5):512-517.   Published online May 15, 2005
Purpose : In adults, endoscopic tracheobronchial balloon dilatation and stenting have become valuable methods to establish and maintain an adequate airway lumen when tracheomalacia or neoplastic growth compromise the airways. But in children, only a few cases were reported due to technical problems. We report six children who were treated with stent implantation and describe the use and safety of...
Case Report
A Case of Intestinal Tuberculosis Concurring with Endobronchial and Laryngeal Tuberculosis
Su Jin Kim, Su Eun Park, Min Gi Lee, Gun Il Kim, Chang Hun Lee, Jae Hong Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2003;46(7):714-717.   Published online July 15, 2003
Although the incidence of tuberculosis has been reduced recently because of the advance of anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy, improvements of public health, and early diagnosis, it is still high in developing countries. Intestinal tuberculosis can occur at any age, but young adults and female are more affected. Early diagnosis of childhood intestinal tuberculosis is difficult, largely because of vague symptoms and nonspecific...
Original Article
Tuberculin Reactivity to 2 TU of PPD RT23 Following Intradermal BCG Vaccination in Neonates
Jong Hwa Lee, Sung Hee Oh
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2000;43(11):1418-1422.   Published online November 15, 2000
Purpose : 2 TU of PPD RT23 has been substituted for 5 TU of PPD RT23 since 1998 in Korea without adequate evaluation. This study was undertaken to evaluate the tuberculin reactivity to 2 TU of PPD RT23 following intradermal BCG vaccination in neonates. The results were compared with the previous report generated with 5 TU of PPD RT23 in...
Early Diagnosis of Rifampin-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Gene Analysis of RNA Polymerase B Subunit
Ki Seok Park, Nam Soo Park, Eun Ryoung Kim, Seok Ho Choi, Hyun Phil Cho, Young Ho Moon, Il Soo Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1999;42(10):1403-1411.   Published online October 15, 1999
Purpose : The control of tuberculosis is seriously threatened worldwide by the recently emerging multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As a result, early detection of drug resistant M.tuberculosis strain has become very important but conventional laboratory methods are time consuming and delayed results often affect patients adversely in controlling tuberculosis. The authors studied the usefulness of the line probe assay to determine...
Rapid Identification of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Staphylococcus Aureus in Pleural Fluid by PCR
Chang Wan Kim, Byung Moon Ahn, Eun Ryoung Kim, Il Su Kim, Yung Seuk Pak, Sang Chul Sung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1997;40(9):1232-1241.   Published online September 15, 1997
Purpose : Pleural effusions may develop during the course of bacterial pneumonia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of the polymerase chain reaction(PCR) method for detection of M ycoplasma pneumoniae, M ycobaterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus from pleural fluid. Methods : Total 12 samples were obtained from pleural fluid; 2 samples from children with Mycoplasma pneumonia, 5 samples from adults with...
Case Report
Acute Renal Failure(ARF) Associated with Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis Infection Diagnosed by Polymerase Chain Reaction
Hyung Gyu Park, Byung Moon Ahn, Eun Ryoung Kim, Il Soo Kim, Jae Jong Kim, Sung Ok Kang, Han Ho Park, Ki Jeong Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1997;40(8):1162-1168.   Published online August 15, 1997
The clinical significance of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis(Y. pseudotuberculosis) has recently recognized in various part of the world because it can cause a wide range of clinical problems such as mesenteric lymphadenitis, septicemia, reactive arthritis, terminal ileitis, erythema nodosum and acute renal failure. we experienced a case of acute renal failure associated with Y. pseudotuberculosis infection. We applied a nested polymerase chain reaction method for rapid diagnosis...
Original Article
Peripheral-Blood-Based PCR Assay to Identify Patients with Childhood Tuberculosis
Soo Sung Park, Byoung Moon Ahn, Eun Ryoung Kim, Il Soo Kim, Jae Jong Kim, Yu Jin Rha, Han Ho Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1997;40(6):841-849.   Published online June 15, 1997
Purpose : There is an urgent need for rapid and accurate diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis. Recently, developments in molecular biology have raised hopes about the possibilities of new strategies for tuberculosis diagnosis. Most of these methods have focused on the application of PCR to sputum samples from patients with suspected mycobacterial disease. We used a nested PCR to detect circuclating Mycobacterial tuberculosis DNA in...
Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Children
Seong Hee Jang, Yoon Hwa Cha, Young Min Ahn, Sang Jae Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1997;40(6):818-825.   Published online June 15, 1997
Purpose : Initial drug resistance of children with tuberculosis is a useful performance indicator of tuberculosis control programme in the concerned country because it represented infection transmitted from adult patients with either primary or acquired drug resistance. But there have been a few studies available. The present study was made to know the incidence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in hopes of...
Evaluation of Culture Proved Tuberculosis Patients
Eun Kyung Lee, Jae Yoon Kim, Young Jin Hong, Don Hee Ahn
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1995;38(5):633-640.   Published online May 15, 1995
Purpose : Childhood tuberculosis is often asymptomatic with low culture rate, but it may res-ult in serious complications via hematogenous spread. Therefore, this study was done to evalu-ate clinical features, laboratory findings in tuberculosis patients proved by culture. Methods : We reviewed retrospectively the medical records of 48 cases of proved tubercul-sosis at the department of Pediatrics, National Medical Center, during...
Case Report
A Case of Intestinal Tuberculosis with Tuberculous Mesenteric Lymphadenitis Simulating Neoplasm
Jin Young Choi, Won Kyu Choi, Hwang Min Kim, Joong Soo Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1995;38(3):404-408.   Published online March 15, 1995
The incidence of abdominal tuberculosis is decreasing due to more effective chemotherapy and pasteurization of milk and tuberculosis may nt be given serious consideration, especially when the primary pulmonary site is healed or not roentgenographically apparent. The clinical features of these infection are relatively nonspecific and the combination of abdominal mass, weight loss, anorexia and fever frequently lead to an...
Original Article
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection Confirmed by Stool Culture in Children
Seung Nam Park, Kyeong Mi Jung, Ja Wook Koo, Churl Young Chung, Chong Rae Cho
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1995;38(2):189-194.   Published online February 15, 1995
Purpose : The clinical significance of Y. pseudotuberculosis infection has recently recognizd in various part of the world, because it can cause a wide range of clinical problems such as mesenteric lymphadenitis, septicemia, reactive arthritis, terminal ileitis, erythema nodosum, and a cute renal failure. We have experienced 19 children with Y. pseudotuberculosis infection confirmed by stool culture. Our aim in...
The Significance of Bacteriologic Examination in the Childhood Tuberculosis
Kyung Bae Kwon, Jin Young Park, Bo Young Yoon, Mee Ran Kim, Hoan Jong Lee, Eui Jong Kim, Sang Jae Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1994;37(2):221-230.   Published online February 15, 1994
We reviewed retrospectively the medical records of 229 cases of tuberculosis, who had been diagnosed clinically and admitted to the department of pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, during the period of 6 years from October, 1985, to October, 1991. Patients with tuberculosis occupied 1.2%. of the hospitalized patients. Forty-three percent of the patients were under 3 years of age. Principal...
Case Report
A Case of Disseminated Tuberculosis woth Tuberculosis Otitis Media
Soo Bong Lee, Jin Tack Kim, Joon Sung Lee, Kyung Su Lee, Whang Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1994;37(1):135-140.   Published online January 15, 1994
Tuberculous otitis media is the second most frequent ENT disease of tuberculous origin. Most cases occur secondarily, when organisms are coughed into the nasopharynx from pulmonary lesions, or as the result of hematogenous spread. The clinical findings are profuse otorrhea, absence of pain, profound hearing loss, perforation of tympanic menbrane and paralysis of facial nerve. We have experienced one case...
Original Article
A Clinical Study of Serologically Diagnosed Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis Infection in Children
Mi Won Kim, Youn Jeong Jeong, Yong Kyu Lee, Jeong Wan Seo, Jin Keun Chang, Hoan Jong Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1994;37(1):26-32.   Published online January 15, 1994
A retrospective analysis of clinical findings in 23 patients with Y. pseudotuberculosis infection who visited Department of Pediatrics of Han Il Hospital from May, 1990 to June, 1992 was performed. 1)The most prevalent age group was 7 to 12 years (16 case:69.6) and male-to-female ratio was 1.1:1. 2) Monthly distribution showed a high frequency in April, May and June(22 cases:95.8%) 3)The common symptoms...